Abstract. This paper aims to develop a strategy for architectural knowledge modeling in order to actively support the built heritage conservation process by fostering collaboration among stakeholders and interoperability between datasets. The integration of two modeling systems, one ontology-based and one in BIM environment, seems to be the right way to meet this objective: the former is rather exhaustive to represent the semantic contents of conservation activities, especially non-geometrical data, the latter is absolutely suitable to represent the logic of the construction, above all geometrical-constructive aspects typical of any architectural organism. Thus, this study proposes a side-by-side approach to synchronize these different ways of representing reality by managing the complexity of cultural heritage on the one hand and of technology tools, such as information systems, on the other. The proposed methodology was tested on the city walls of San Ginesio (Macerata, Italy) and included different steps considering the in-use technologies (notably geomatics and information technologies) as key enablers to acquire, hierarchically order, model and enrich the knowledge of that heritage site. The result is a knowledge-led strategy moving from survey to HBIM implementation, as a way to enhance representation and management in architectural heritage processes.
This study focuses on modeling the fourth dimension of historic architectures with an HBIM approach and special regard to stratigraphic analysis. The goal is to push the limits of current technology to understand the history of buildings, with impacts on protecting their authenticity; it is pursued with a practitioners-oriented methodology able to make aware models of their phases. The target audience are experts in the field of heritage conservation, while the outcome is to support long-term strategies for the sustainable management of heritage. Contents follow this structure: (1) Introduction: this section frames the benefits of affirming heritage’s physical authenticity and managing risks; it clarifies assumptions and the research aim; (2) State of the Art: this highlights the topic relevance, which is not yet fully resolved, focusing on semantics, critical-interpretative data control, and on the automation of some crucial results; (3) Materials and Methods: this describes the integrated workflow, including the photogrammetric acquisition, modeling, and data enrichment, the semi-automatic Harris matrix construction, and the optimization of laser data; (4) Results: this presents the results of modelling stratigraphic units, enriching them with information according to a semantics coherent with the conservation process, to govern the temporal relations while automating key outputs; (5) Discussion: this section refines the implemented solutions and introduce future works.
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Gender inequality remains a pervasive issue. Women are more likely to be poorer and to have fewer assets; for instance, they are half as likely as men to own land. 16 Geographical inequality is also stark, with clear north/ south and rural/urban divides. Rural poverty is now almost four times as high as urban poverty. 17 Ghana must tackle inequality if it wants to ensure a more prosperous future for all Ghanaians and meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It must do so for three key reasons:
For decades, the IMF imposed policy conditions on countries which worsened economic inequality. However, today the IMF has an inequality agenda that calls for action to tackle the inequality crisis. What is the IMF doing in practice to operationalize that agenda? The IMF's main initiative has been a series of pilots that integrate inequality analysis into its economic surveillance of countries. Oxfam's evaluation of these pilots finds they are not promoting policies that reduce inequality. 4 3. The IMF should also insist that country authorities set clear targets to reduce inequality, to be agreed with citizens, as part of their medium-term development plans and in line with their commitments under SDG 10.
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