In here, we have reviewed the major FET sensor methodologies developed for biosensing applications. Each of the methodologies offer different approaches to mitigate the effects of charge screening in high ionic strength solutions. We focus in detail on the study of high field gated FET biosensors developed to directly detect target analytes in physiological salt environments, without extensive sample pre-treatments. Several biomedical applications are illustrated in this review cum original research article, such as protein detection in buffer/serum/whole blood, nucleotide detection in buffer, whole cell-based sensor and characterization of biological tissues. The mechanism of detection beyond Debye length in high ionic strength solutions is investigated. The integrated portable biosensor system developed based on the high field gated FET biosensor demonstrates potential for clinical applications in point of care and home-care diagnostics.
Composite silicon dioxide-titanium dioxide (SiO2-TiO2) films are deposited on a large area of 15.6 × 15.6 cm2textured multicrystalline silicon solar cells to increase the incident light trapped within the device. For further improvement of the antireflective coatings (ARCs) quality, dimethylformamide (DMF) solution is added to the original SiO2-TiO2solutions. DMF solution solves the cracking problem, thus effectively decreasing reflectance as well as surface recombination. The ARCs prepared by sol-gel process and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on multicrystalline silicon substrate are compared. The average efficiency of the devices with improved sol-gel ARCs is 16.3%, only 0.5% lower than that of devices with PECVD ARCs (16.8%). However, from equipment depreciation point of view (the expiration date of equipment is generally considered as 5 years), the running cost (USD/watt) of sol-gel technique is 80% lower than that of PECVD method for the first five years and 66% lower than that of PECVD method from the start of the sixth year. This result proves that sol-gel-deposited ARCs process has potential applications in manufacturing low-cost, large-area solar cells.
According to the statistics published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Recent studies suggest that the level of C-reactive protein can be an important indicator of a person’s risk for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we detect low concentration of C-reactive protein (1 fM) electronically by immobilizing CRP-specific aptamer on the AlGaN/GaN HEMT based biosensor, showing that this technique is promising for biosensor applications.
The desirable features of mobile diagnostics include rapid, inexpensive testing with minimal usage protocols, yet reliable results in a short span of time. Our research has unraveled a novel sensing methodology for FET based biosensors that enable detection of target proteins in physiological conditions with high sensitivity and low detection limit. The miniaturized sensor is packaged into disposable micro-SD card chips, making it easy to be integrated into a portable or handheld diagnostic system, which is accessible and affordable to all. The current technology can revolutionize the IoT biosensor industry.
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