Macrophomina phaseolina is the causal agent of charcoal rot disease of melons and causes significant losses worldwide and causes significant losses worldwide The use of resistant cultivars is a desirable method for controlling this disease, but there is no information about the influence of temperature on the resistant behavior found in melon accessions. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of temperature on the reaction of six melon accessions selected previously for their resistant response to M. phaseolina. They were inoculated with the M. phaseolina isolate CMM-1531 and grown under accurately controlled environmental conditions at different temperature regimes (25, 28, 31, and 34 ºC) in a replicate experiment. The increase in temperature increased the severity of symptoms in most genotypes, but this effect was less pronounced in the highly susceptible control, the cultivar 'Piel de sapo', and in the most resistant accession, the wild African agrestis Ag-15591Ghana 2 that remained resistant even at 34ºC. The use of several screening temperatures allowed a better characterization of accessions that behaved similarly as highly resistant at 25ºC (Con-Pat81Ko, Dud-QMPAfg, Can-NYIsr and Ag-C38Nig), but in which resistance breaking was observed with temperature rise. Temperatures of 28ºC and 31ºC were sufficient to make Dud-QMPAfg, Ag-C38Nig and Can-NYIsr moderately resistant, whereas Con-Pat81Ko remained highly resistant. All these genotypes were susceptible at 34ºC, which suggest that are not suitable for hot-climate growing areas. The most promising accession was Ag-15591Ghana, whose resistance was confirmed in two greenhouse experiments under stressful temperatures (>34ºC). The behavior of these sources should be confirmed in naturally infested fields, but the controlled screening methods presented here are essential to characterize new resistance sources and to conduct genetic studies when a high number of plants must be managed under controlled environmental conditions.
Wild animals are maintained in Zoological facilities for purposes of education, conservation, research, and recreation. Several studies have proven that the surroundings of an animal's artificial habitat, as well as environmental enrichment techniques, are factors that influence behaviour and have an impact on animals' welfare. In the present work carried out at Fota Wildlife Park, Cork, Republic of Ireland, we observed and collected information concerning three Sumatran Tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). The research achievements, registered on an ethogram, seem to demonstrate a link between the enclosure features and the environmental enrichment techniques applied with the stereotypical behaviours directly observed. In fact, the obtained results show that the characteristics of the enclosures were a determining factor on the tiger's behaviour. The obtained results also depict and highlight the extreme relevance of individual ethos when choosing the environmental enrichment techniques applied in order to reduce stereotypical behaviours observed in the captive tigers.
RESUMOO objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de coberturas do solo sobre a incidência e severidade da podridão cinzenta do caule em feijão-caupi. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 2, com cinco coberturas de solo (Brachiaria brizantha (Braquiária), Pennisetum glaucum (Milheto), Crotalaria spectabilis (Crotalária), filme de polietileno e solo sem cobertura), duas formas de utilização do solo (esterilizado e não esterilizado) e duas condições de infestação do solo (infestado e não infestado com Macrophomina phaseolina O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) é uma planta herbácea, autógama, anual, sendo um importante alimento e componente essencial dos sistemas de produção nas regiões secas dos trópicos (27). No Brasil, sua produção concentra-se nas regiões Norte e Nordeste (25). Apesar de ser considerada uma cultura rústica é acometida por diversas doenças, dentre elas, a podridão cinzenta do caule causada pelo fungo Macrophomina phaseolina (28). Este patógeno pode sobreviver em restos de culturas e hospedeiros alternativos, devido a sua capacidade saprofítica e produção de escleródios (7).Sistemas de cultivo como o plantio direto (SPD) são conhecidos por afetar patógenos habitantes do solo (2, 23) devido ao aumento da comunidade microbiana do solo e a liberação de substâncias tóxicas pelos materiais decompostos. Adubos verdes com alta relação C/N tendem a inibir a germinação de fungos habitantes do solo, pelo fato de imobilizarem o nitrogênio mineral, indisponibilizando-o para o patógeno (16).A cobertura do solo com material vegetal no SPD constitui-se em uma barreira física, evitando a incidência direta da radiação solar e reduzindo as oscilações diárias da temperatura do solo (10). No SPD é importante à utilização de plantas de cobertura com alta capacidade de produção de massa seca para manter o solo coberto (9). Dentre as espécies empregadas, as poáceas apresentam facilidade de cultivo, potencial de produção de massa seca e maior teor de lignina, que retarda a taxa de decomposição, destacando-se as espécies BrachiariaThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of soil covers on the incidence and severity of charcoal rot in cowpea. Two trials were conducted in 5 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with five soil covers (Brachiaria brizantha, (Brachiaria) Pennisetum glaucum, (Millet) Crotalaria spectabilis, (Crotalaria), polyethylene film and bare soil), two ways of using the soil (sterilized and unsterilized) and two infestation conditions (soil infested with Macrophomina phaseolina and not infested). In the first trial, the cover plants were grown in pots and desiccated with glyphosate for subsequent planting of cowpea. The second trial consisted of new planting of cowpea in the same pots. Keywords: Vegetal cover, Macrophomina phaseolina, incidence, severity. ABSTRACTand severity of the disease was carried out at 60 days after planting. The dry mass of cowpea in a stove was determined and the soil temperature was monitored with data loggers Campbell CR 100...
In tropical environments, stingless bees are an important group of pollinators, helping to maintain plant biodiversity and, consequently, to preserve ecosystems. The foraging activity of these insects is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Although air temperature limits activities outside the hive, the natural thermal environment is complex; meteorological variables interact with each other, requiring elaborate thermoregulatory responses from bees. The complexity of the thermal environment has been the subject of recent research on insect thermoregulation. The effects of wind and especially solar radiation should be considered when studying the behavior of stingless bees. In this context, this mini-review aimed to address the main components of the thermal environment that influence the foraging activity of stingless bees.
Com o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência de Macrophomina phaseolina em solo submetido a diferentes coberturas, conduziu-se dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com cinco coberturas (Brachiaria brizantha, Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria spectabilis, solo coberto com filme de polietileno e solo sem cobertura) e solo esterilizado e não esterilizado. No primeiro experimento, as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos e dessecadas, para posterior plantio do feijão-caupi e no segundo, a semeadura da cultura foi realizada em sucessão ao primeiro cultivo. Nos dois experimentos foram colocadas em cada vaso a 10 cm de profundidade, no dia do plantio da cultura, quatro bolsas de tecido contendo, cada uma, 10 gramas de inóculo Linhares C. M. S., Freitas F. C. L., Ambrósio M. M. Q., Cruz, B. L. S., Dantas, A. M. M. Efeito de coberturas do solo sobre a sobrevivência de Macrophomina phaseolina no feijão-caupi. Summa Phytopathologica, v.42, n.2, p.155-159, 2016. Palavras-chave: Vigna unguiculata (L.), Cobertura do solo, Patógeno radicular. RESUMOde M. phaseolina, das quais, duas foram retiradas aos 30 dias após o plantio e duas no final do ciclo da cultura, para posterior plaqueamento e determinação da sobrevivência. Realizou-se também o monitoramento das temperaturas máximas e mínimas diárias do solo. Os tratamentos com solo coberto com material vegetal apresentaram menor elevação da temperatura em relação ao solo coberto com filme de polietileno e sem cobertura, que elevaram a temperatura em até 5,9 e 3,9 ºC, respectivamente, em relação ao solo coberto com palhada de P. glaucum. O solo coberto com filme de polietileno e sem cobertura apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevivência de M. phaseolina e o solo coberto com palhada de P. glaucum a menor taxa. Maior sobrevivência foi observada no solo não esterilizado.
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