Composite biomaterials
with hierarchical structures have emerged
as new approaches for bone-tissue engineering. In this study, a biomimetic,
osteoconductive tricomposite scaffold made of N-doped graphene–hydroxyapatite
(NG–HA) hybrids blended with an agarose (AG) matrix was prepared
via a facile hydrothermal/cross-linking/freeze-drying method. The
structure and composition of AG/NG–HA were examined by scanning
electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric
analysis. The as-prepared scaffolds showed hierarchical pore architecture
and an organic–inorganic composition, which simulated the composition
and structure of natural bone tissue. The effect of AG/NG–HA
on bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteoblast proliferation, differentiation,
and mineralization was tested in vitro. The expression of osteogenic-related
genes was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results
showed that the introduction of N-graphene into the hybrid scaffold
significantly improved its mechanical properties, an effect that promoted
the proliferation and viability of MSCs. Moreover, the scaffolds triggered
selective differentiation of MSCs to osteogenic lineage while conferring
good cell adhesion, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization.
A distal femoral condyle critical size defect in rabbits was used
as a platform to confirm the effect of AG/NG–HA on bone regeneration
in vivo. Our experiments show that the AG/NG–HA hybrid scaffolds
provided a favorable environment for new bone formation. The results
presented in this study suggest that the AG/NG–HA hybrid scaffolds
have potential in bone-tissue regeneration engineering.
Three-dimensional honeycomb porous carbon (HPC) has attracted
increasing
attention in bioengineering due to excellent mechanical properties
and a high surface-to-volume ratio. In this paper, a three-dimensional
chitosan (CS)/honeycomb porous carbon/hydroxyapatite composite was
prepared by nano-sized hydroxyapatite (nHA) on the HPC surface in
situ deposition, dissolved in chitosan solution, and vacuum freeze-dried.
The structure and composition of CS/HPC/nHA were characterized by
scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron miscroscopy, Fourier
transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the
porosity, swelling ratio, and mechanical properties of the scaffold
were also tested. The as-prepared scaffolds possess hierarchical pores
and organic–inorganic components, which are similar in composition
and structure to bone tissues. The synthesized composite scaffold
has high porosity and a certain mechanical strength. By culturing
mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of the scaffold,
it was confirmed that the scaffold facilitated its growth and promoted
its differentiation into the osteogenesis direction. In vivo experiments
further demonstrate that the CS/HPC/nHA composite scaffold has a significant
advantage in promoting bone formation in the bone defect area. All
the results suggested that the CS/HPC/nHA scaffolds have great application
prospect in bone tissue engineering.
Nanocomposite scaffold
materials have shown great prospect in promoting
bone integration and bone regeneration. A three-dimensional graphene
oxide foam/polydimethylsiloxane/zinc silicate (GF/PDMS/ZS) scaffold
for bone tissue engineering was synthesized via dip coating and hydrothermal
synthesis processes, resulting in the interconnected macroporous structure.
The scaffold was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and
thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The result showed that scaffolds
exhibiting a porous characteristic had organic–inorganic components
similar to natural bone tissue. Moreover, the scaffolds possessed
suitable pore size, high porosity, and good mechanical properties. In vitro experiments with mouse bone marrow mesenchymal
stem cells (mBMSCs) revealed that the composite scaffold not only
has great biocompatibility but also has the ability to induce mBMSC
proliferation and preferential osteogentic differentiation. Thereafter,
the expression of critical genes, ALP, RUNX2, VEGFA, and OPN, was
activated. In vivo analysis of critical bone defect
in rabbits demonstrated superior bone formation in defect sites in
the GF/PDMS/ZS scaffold group at 12 weeks of post implantation without
no significant inflammatory response. All the results validated that
the GF/PDMS/ZS scaffold is a promising alternative for applications
in bone regeneration.
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