ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the direct monosynaptic projections from cortical functional regions to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus for understanding the functions of the CSF-contacting nucleus.MethodsThe Sprague–Dawley rats received cholera toxin B subunit (CB) injections into the CSF-contacting nucleus. After 7–10 days of survival time, the rats were perfused, and the whole brain and spinal cord were sliced under a freezing microtome at 40 μm. All sections were treated with the CB immunofluorescence reaction. The retrogradely labeled neurons in different cortical areas were revealed under a confocal microscope. The distribution features were further illustrated under 3D reconstruction.ResultsThe retrogradely labeled neurons were identified in the olfactory, orbital, cingulate, insula, retrosplenial, somatosensory, motor, visual, auditory, association, rhinal, and parietal cortical areas. A total of 12 functional areas and 34 functional subregions showed projections to the CSF-contacting nucleus in different cell intensities.ConclusionAccording to the connectivity patterns, we conclude that the CSF-contacting nucleus participates in cognition, emotion, pain, visceral activity, etc. The present study firstly reveals the cerebral cortex→CSF-contacting nucleus connections, which implies the multiple functions of this special nucleus in neural and body fluid regulations.
Comparison of desflurane and sevoflurane on the postoperative recovery quality after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children was carried out. A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 165 children who underwent tonsil and adenoid radiofrequency ablation under low-temperature plasma and were admitted to the Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University from February 2014 to May 2017. In total, 79 children with sevoflurane anesthesia were in the sevoflurane group, and 86 children with desflurane anesthesia in the desflurane group. The non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) level, the postoperative sedation (Ramsay) scores, the modified objective pain score (MOPS) of children were recorded. The pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scores of children were recorded. Children in the sevoflurane group had longer operation time, anesthesia time, extubation time and coincidence time than those in the desflurane group (P<0.05). At the beginning of operation (t1), 10 min after operation (t2), at the time of entering anesthesia recovery room (t3), at the time of tracheal catheter extubated (t4), 10 min after extubation (t5), and at the time of leaving the anesthesia recovery room (t6), children in the sevoflurane had higher NISBP and NIDBP, lower HR than those in the desflurane group (P<0.05). At the time of the tracheal catheter extubation (c2), 10 min after extubation (c3), 30 min after extubation (c4), children in the sevoflurane group had lower Ramsay scores and higher PAED scores than those in the desflurane group (P<0.05). More suitable as an anesthetic maintenance drug for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children, desflurane has a better anesthetic effect and is safer. In addition, children with desflurane anesthesia have high postoperative recovery quality and quick recovery in the short term, with better sedative and analgesic effects. Therefore, it is worthy of promotion in clinic practice.
Application of propofol in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children was evaluated. Clinical data of 200 children who received sevoflurane anesthesia in Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 120 patients who received inhaled sevoflurane for pediatric anesthesia and intravenous infusion of propofol (2 mg/kg) were included in observation group. The remaining 80 cases who were directly anesthetized by sevoflurane alone were the control group. T PAED scores, modified Aldrete scores, extubation time, PACU time and adverse reactions (gastrointestinal tract and respiratory response) were analyzed and compared between the control and observation group. PAED scores, extubation time, PACU time and incidence of adverse reactions were significantly lower in observation than in control group, and the modified Aldrete scores were higher in observation than in control group (P<0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the PAED scores were negatively correlated with modified Aldrete scores and positively correlated with extubation time. There was positive correlation between the PACU time and incidence of adverse reactions and between the PAED scores and extubation time. There was negative correlation between PACU time and incidence of adverse reactions and between Aldrete scores and extubation time (P<0.05). Therefore, we conclude that propofol can be used to prevent agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children.
Objective: To investigate whether the CSF-contacting nucleus receives brainstem and spinal cord projections and to understand the functional significance of these connections. Methods: The retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CB) was injected into the CSF-contacting nucleus in Sprague-Dawley rats according the previously reported stereotaxic coordinates. After 7-10 days, these rats were perfused and their brainstem and spinal cord were sliced (thickness, 40 µm) using a freezing microtome. All the sections were subjected to CB immunofluorescence staining. The distribution of CBpositive neuron in different brainstem and spinal cord areas was observed under fluorescence microscope. Results: The retrograde labeled CB-positive neurons were found in the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. Four functional areas including one hundred and twelve sub-regions have projections to the CSF-contacting nucleus. However, the density of CB-positive neuron distribution ranged from sparse to dense. Conclusion: Based on the connectivity patterns of the CSF-contacting nucleus receives anatomical inputs from the brainstem and spinal cord, we preliminarily conclude and summarize that the CSF-contacting nucleus participates in pain, visceral activity, sleep and arousal, emotion, and drug addiction. The present study firstly illustrates the broad projections of the CSF-contacting nucleus from the brainstem and spinal cord, which implies the complicated functions of the nucleus especially for the unique roles of coordination in neural and body fluids regulation.
Objective: To investigate the projections the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSFcontacting) nucleus receives from the diencephalon and to speculate on the functional significance of these connections. Methods:The retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CB) was injected into the CSF-contacting nucleus in SD rats according to the experimental formula of the stereotaxic coordinates. Animals were perfused 7-10 days after the injection, and the diencephalon was sliced at 40 µm with a freezing microtome. CB-immunofluorescence was performed on all diencephalic sections. The features of CB-positive neuron distribution in the diencephalon were observed with a fluorescence microscope. Results:The retrograde labeled CB-positive neurons were found in the epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus. Three functional diencephalic areas including 43 sub-regions revealed projections to the CSF-contacting nucleus. The CB-positive neurons were distributed in different density ranges: sparse, moderate, and dense.Conclusion: Based on the connectivity patterns of the CSF-contacting nucleus that receives anatomical inputs from the diencephalon, we preliminarily assume that the CSF-contacting nucleus participates in homeostasis regulation, visceral activity, stress, emotion, pain and addiction, and sleeping and arousal. The present study firstly illustrates the broad projections of the CSF-contacting nucleus from the diencephalon, which implies the complicated functions of the nucleus especially for the unique roles of coordination in neural and body fluids regulations.
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