13The Lower Mississippian (Tournaisian) Ballagan Formation in SE Scotland yields tetrapod 14 fossils that provide fresh insights into the critical period when these animals first moved onto 15 land.
The elemental composition of river sediments is determined by the chemistry of the eroding substrate (e.g., bedrock and soils) and modified by processes including chemical weathering, cation exchange, and
Traditionally, potash mineral deposits have been characterized using downhole geophysical logging in tandem with geochemical analysis of core samples to establish the critical potassium (% K2O) content. These techniques have been employed in a recent exploration study of the Permian evaporite succession of North Yorkshire, United Kingdom, but the characterization of these complex deposits has been led by mineralogical analysis, using quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD). The novel QXRD approach provides data on K content with the level of confidence needed for reliable reporting of resources and also identifies and quantifies more precisely the nature of the K-bearing minerals. Errors have also been identified when employing traditional geochemical approaches for this deposit, which would have resulted in underestimated potash grades.QXRD analysis has consistently identified polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4⋅2(H2O) in the Fordon (Evaporite) Formation and sylvite (KCl) in the Boulby Potash and Sneaton Potash members as the principal K-bearing host minerals in North Yorkshire. However, other K hosts, including kalistrontite (K2Sr(SO4)2) a first recorded occurrence in the UK, and a range of boron-bearing minerals have also been detected.Application of the QXRD-led characterization program across the evaporitic basin has helped to produce a descriptive, empirical model for the deposits, including the polyhalite-bearing Shelf and Basin seams and two, newly discovered sylvite-bearing bittern salt horizons, the Pasture Beck and Gough seams. The characterization program has enabled a polyhalite mineral inventory in excess of 2.5 billion metric tons (Bt) to be identified, suggesting that this region possesses the world's largest known resource of polyhalite.
BGS 102, a guidance material for bioaccessible arsenic (As) and lead (Pb), was produced during validation of the in vitro Unified Bioaccessibility Method (UBM). This paper reports a compilation of reproducible bioaccessible guidance values for fifty-five additional elements in BGS 102, providing guidance for analysts to broaden the scope of UBM analyses for a wider range of elements based on data collected over an average of 60 separate analytical batches per element. Data are presented in categories for both gastric (STOM) and gastrointestinal (STOM+INT) extraction phases, where reproducibility, measured as relative standard deviation (RSD) was; ≤10% RSD for 27 elements (Mg,
Serpentine minerals serve as a Mg donor in carbon capture and storage by mineralisation (CCSM).The acid-treatment of nine comprehensively-examined serpentine polymorphs and polytypes, and the subsequent microanalysis of their post-test residues highlighted several aspects of great importance to the choice of the optimal feed material for CCSM. Compelling evidence for the nonuniformity of serpentine mineral performance was revealed, and the following order of increasing Mg extraction efficiency after three hours of acid-leaching was established: Al-bearing polygonal serpentine (<5%) ≤ Al-bearing lizardite 1T (≈5%) < antigorite (24-29%) < well-ordered lizardite 2H 1 (≈65%) ≤ Al-poor lizardite 1T (≈68%) < chrysotile (≈70%) < poorly-ordered lizardite 2H 1 (≈80%) < nanotubular chrysotile (≈85%).It was recognised that the Mg extraction efficiency of the minerals depended greatly on the intrinsic properties of crystal structure, chemistry and rock microtexture. On this basis, antigorite and Albearing well-ordered lizardite were rejected as potential feedstock material whereas any chrysotile, non-aluminous, widely spaced lizardite and/or disordered serpentine were recommended.The formation of peripheral siliceous layers, tens of microns thick, was not universal and depended greatly upon the intrinsic microtexture of the leached particles. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation of nine, carefully-selected serpentine minerals, covering most varieties and polytypes, under the same experimental conditions. We focused on material characterisation and the identification of the intrinsic properties of the minerals that affect particle's reactivity. It can therefore serve as a generic basis for any acid-based CCSM pre-treatment.
Two chromitite samples from the Isles of Shetland (North Scotland) have been processed, each in 200 kg quantities, as reference samples for the determination of gold and the platinum‐group elements (PGE). One of these samples, Chromitite CHR‐Pt+ is enriched in the PGE and the other, Chromitite CHR‐Bkg has much lower concentrations. A detailed assessment of sample homogeneity is presented, together with the results of a cooperative study by thirty‐five international geochemical laboratories, private and public. Contributed data together with derived working values are presented for Au and the PGE as well as for major, minor and a few trace elements. It is hoped that this first compilation report will encourage additional laboratories to participate in further studies of the PGE in these two CHR samples.
Sediments contained in river channels are the products of physical erosion and chemical weathering of rocks outcropping in upstream catchments (e.g., Caracciolo, 2020;Weltje, 2012;Weltje & Eynatten, 2004). During transport, sedimentary geochemistry is altered by processes including chemical weathering (i.e., reaction of primary minerals with natural waters to form secondary minerals and solutes), sorting, cation-exchange, and selective transport/deposition (e.g., Bouchez et al., 2012;Tipper et al., 2021). As fluvial sediments can be transported on timescales of order 10 10 2 3 years, their geochemistry probably represents a spatial and temporal integration of catchment processes (Repasch et al., 2020). Consequently, they are frequently studied to understand the rates and location of chemical weathering, physical erosion and sediment transport (e.g.,
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