A Gram-positive-staining, filamentous bacterial strain that developed cylindrical sporangia containing four oval-to rod-shaped spores at the ends of short sporangiophores on branched aerial mycelium was isolated from tropical rainforest soil near a hot spring. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine as cell-wall amino acids; the whole-cell hydrolysate contained rhamnose, madurose, glucose, galactose and 3-Omethylmannose as whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). Mycolic acids were not detected. The diagnostic phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 and 10-methylated C 17 : 0 . The G+C content of the DNA was 71

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Thraustochytrids, marine protists, have attracted attention as a proven alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We isolated a high diversity of thraustochytrids from Thailand and tested their potential use in the production of high-value fatty acids. The isolated thraustochytrids can be categorized into seven major groups based on unique morphological features, molecular phylogeny and fatty acid profiles. Two of the seven isolated thraustochytrid groups could potentially be new lineages in the Labyrinthulomycetes. The production of total fatty acid (TFA) from these thraustochytrids ranged from 2.4 to 35.6% (w/w), with biomass varying from 0.3 to 8.9 g l

Kutzneria buriramensis sp. nov., isolated from soil, and emended description of the genus Kutzneria A Gram-staining-positive, filamentous bacterium, which developed large globose sporangia at the ends of long sporangiophores on aerial mycelium, was isolated from dry soil collected in a deciduous forest in Thailand. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of the novel bacterium, which was designated strain A-T 1846 T , contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars comprised rhamnose, ribose, mannose, glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). Mycolic acids were not detected. The identified phospholipids were phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 2-OH and C 16 : 0 10-methyl. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72 mol%. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the novel strain resembled those of established members of the genus Kutzneria. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences also indicated that this strain belonged to the genus Kutzneria but as a representative of a putative novel species. In hybridization experiments, the DNA-DNA relatedness values recorded between the novel strain and established members of the genus Kutzneria all fell well below 70 %. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic evidence and the results of the DNA-DNA hybridizations, strain A-T 1846 T represents a novel species in the genus Kutzneria, for which the name Kutzneria buriramensis sp. nov. is proposed.

A new dimeric isocoumarin, bireticulol, was isolated from the terrestrial Streptomyces sp. and characterized as a 5-5¢ dimer of reticulol. In addition, reticulol and 8-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl isocoumarin, together with other known polyketides piericidin A, 2¢-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4¢-bibenzoxazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (UK-1) and 3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyldihydrofuran-2-one were also obtained. Bireticulol exhibited cytotoxic effects against KB (human epidermoid carcinoma, ATCC CCL-17) and NCI-H187 (human small cell lung cancer, ATCC CRL-5804) cell lines with IC 50 values of 24.4 and 8.31 lg ml À1 , respectively.

Eight new angucyclic quinones, miaosporones A to H (1–8), along with the previously described metabolites 8-hydroxy-3-methylbenz­[a]­anthraquinone (9), tetrangulol (10), 5,6-dihydro-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methybenz­[a]­anthracene-7,12-quinone (11), and SF2315A (12), were isolated from the terrestrial actinomycete Actinomadura miaoliensis TBRC 5172 obtained from sediment collected from the Huai Yang reservoir, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand. The relative and absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined from analysis of NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic data. Miaosporone A exhibited antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 and antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with respective IC50 values of 2.5 and 2.4 μM and displayed cytotoxic activities against both cancerous (MCF-7 and NCI-H187) and nonmalignant (Vero) cells.