BACKGROUND Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, smoking, stress, sedentary lifestyle and genetic factors are some wellknown risk factors for Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD). The ABO blood groups and secretor status may be linked to IHD and its risk factors. Aim-To study the correlation between ABO blood groups and secretor status in the IHD patients in the city of Kadapa. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was conducted in Department of Physiology, RIMS Medical College, from August 2015 to January 2016. This is a case control study and selection of cases and controls was done by simple random sampling. 600 patients with IHD diagnosed based on the electrocardiograms were chosen from Cardiology Unit, RIMS General Hospital, Kadapa. 600 volunteer blood donor's age and sex matched with no evidence of any disease were included. Blood group estimation was done by slide agglutination method and secretor status was done by indirect haemagglutination method. The sample size required was taken for convenience. Chi-square test and p-value were used for statistical analysis by SPSS S oftware version 17. RESULTSThe frequency distribution among IHD patients was maximum in B group (45.6 %) followed by O group (21.6%), A group (19.9%) and AB group (12.7%). Among the cases, 21.5% were secretors and 78.5% were non-secretors and there was a significant association of non-secretors with IHD with Chi-square value of 401.3 and a p-value of 0.00000. CONCLUSIONThe results of this study conclude that B group non-secretors are more prone to IHD in the city of Kadapa. KEY WORDSABO Blood Groups, Secretor Status, Ischaemic Heart Disease. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Shaik P, Sekhar AC. A comparative study of ABO blood groups and secretor status in ischaemic heart disease patients in Kadapa city. BACKGROUND At the turn of 20 th century, Karl Landsteiner first described the existence of serological differences between individuals and stated that people of the world, irrespective of their race can be divided into four groups depending on the substances present on the surface of their red blood cells. In 1901, he grouped the individuals into A, B, AB and O. The discovery of the iso-agglutinogens was a milestone in the field of medicine. Karl Landsteiner received the Nobel prize for his discovery of the ABO system of blood groups. (1) The A, B and O genes all locate together at 9q34.1 -q34.2. The genes of the ABO system do not encode directly for the antigens, but encode for enzymes that add specific sugars to the red cell membrane. These sugars are the ABO red cell antigens that are detectable with serological testing. The A gene codes for the transferase α (1,2) 'Financial or Other Competing Interest': None.
Epidemiology of Candidiosis their prevalence, identification and evaluation of extra cellular enzymes patterns in non albicans Candia group from the oral washings of diabetic subjects. Materials and Methods: A total of 125 oral samples were collected and analyzed. The Candiad species were identified by means of morphological and by molecular methods. The production of virulence factors assessed by using standard protocols. Results: Total of 70 different yeast like fungal strains were isolated and identified. The selected 6 virulence factors were investigated and compared critically among the NAC species. The overall observations were indicating that the virulence factors are fluctuated randomly with in the strains tested. Maximum extent of the virulence factors were reported as Phospholipase [Candida parapsilosis], protease [Candida tropicalis-2, Candida parapsilosis], Haemolysin [Candida tropicalis-3], Coagulase [Candida tropicalis-3], and Biofilm formation [Candida parapsilosis] respectively.Conclusions: In the present study we focused mainly on NAC species and their credible factors responsible for the progression of infections in diabetic subjects.
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects of insulin secretion and/or increased cellular resistance to insulin. Diabetes Mellitus is a common medical problem having significant morbidity and mortality. It has a genetic predisposition, although environmental factors do play a role in its genetic expression. Like many other inherited traits, ABH secretor status is also genetically predetermined and therefore may have an association with diabetes mellitus. Aims & Objectives-The study was done to determine whether there is any association between ABO blood group types and ABH secretor status with type II diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS & METHODS A cross sectional study was performed on 200 patients of type II diabetes mellitus diagnosed based on Accu-Chek glucometer method after taking detailed history and informed consent. This is a case-control study and selection of cases and controls was done by simple random sampling. 200 control group population who are non-diabetic were taken from Blood Bank, RIMS, Kadapa. ABO blood grouping was done by slide agglutination method in both cases and control groups and secretor status was determined by indirect haemagglutination method in both cases and control groups. Chi-square test and p value were used for statistical analysis through SPSS software version 17. RESULTS Out of 200 diabetic patients, 65 (32.5%) were secretors and 135 (67.5%) were non-secretors. While in control group 150 (75%) were secretors and 50 (25%) were non-secretors. Non-secretors were significantly associated with diabetes than secretors (X 2 =72.6587, df=1, p value = 0.000). ABO blood group types are not significantly associated with Diabetes Mellitus (X 2 =7.7073, df=3, p value = 0.0523). Females were more prone to diabetes (142 out 200), but there is no significant association with the gender (X 2 =0.3518, df=3, p value = 0.95). CONCLUSION The study concludes that there was significant association between secretor status proving that non-secretors are more prone to diabetes than secretors. B group females 52 (36.6%) were more prone to diabetes when compared to other blood group types and males. There was no significant association between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus. Hence, we need larger sample size to prove the association.
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