Introduction: Nutritional guidance is one of the very important components of preventive dentistry today. To prevent oral, dental and craniofacial diseases, one approach is having a suitable diet. Hence, the aim of this review was to provide a concise, didactic update on the role of vitamin and trace elements on various aspects of oral health and diseases. Methods: Literature search was carried out electronically through Google scholar, Pubmed and Ebsco data base and there was no time frame limitation set for the year of article published. Results: Out of 38 articles, 14 were Epidemiological studies followed by 11 Narrative reviews, 6 Systematic reviews, 4 Randomised control trail, 2 Systematic reviews with meta-analysis and 1 Meta-analysis. Conclusion: Diet containing vitamins and trace elements play an important role in normal health of the oral structures and these deficiencies can cause oral diseases such as developmental defects, oral mucosal diseases and periodontal diseases. Dietary recommendations made to aid in the control of oral disease are simultaneously optimal recommendations for improving general health.
BACKGROUND Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, smoking, stress, sedentary lifestyle and genetic factors are some wellknown risk factors for Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD). The ABO blood groups and secretor status may be linked to IHD and its risk factors. Aim-To study the correlation between ABO blood groups and secretor status in the IHD patients in the city of Kadapa. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was conducted in Department of Physiology, RIMS Medical College, from August 2015 to January 2016. This is a case control study and selection of cases and controls was done by simple random sampling. 600 patients with IHD diagnosed based on the electrocardiograms were chosen from Cardiology Unit, RIMS General Hospital, Kadapa. 600 volunteer blood donor's age and sex matched with no evidence of any disease were included. Blood group estimation was done by slide agglutination method and secretor status was done by indirect haemagglutination method. The sample size required was taken for convenience. Chi-square test and p-value were used for statistical analysis by SPSS S oftware version 17. RESULTSThe frequency distribution among IHD patients was maximum in B group (45.6 %) followed by O group (21.6%), A group (19.9%) and AB group (12.7%). Among the cases, 21.5% were secretors and 78.5% were non-secretors and there was a significant association of non-secretors with IHD with Chi-square value of 401.3 and a p-value of 0.00000. CONCLUSIONThe results of this study conclude that B group non-secretors are more prone to IHD in the city of Kadapa. KEY WORDSABO Blood Groups, Secretor Status, Ischaemic Heart Disease. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Shaik P, Sekhar AC. A comparative study of ABO blood groups and secretor status in ischaemic heart disease patients in Kadapa city. BACKGROUND At the turn of 20 th century, Karl Landsteiner first described the existence of serological differences between individuals and stated that people of the world, irrespective of their race can be divided into four groups depending on the substances present on the surface of their red blood cells. In 1901, he grouped the individuals into A, B, AB and O. The discovery of the iso-agglutinogens was a milestone in the field of medicine. Karl Landsteiner received the Nobel prize for his discovery of the ABO system of blood groups. (1) The A, B and O genes all locate together at 9q34.1 -q34.2. The genes of the ABO system do not encode directly for the antigens, but encode for enzymes that add specific sugars to the red cell membrane. These sugars are the ABO red cell antigens that are detectable with serological testing. The A gene codes for the transferase α (1,2) 'Financial or Other Competing Interest': None.
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