The aim of present study was to assess the potentials of enhancing the inhibitory effect of combined application of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and citral on the growth of food spoilage yeasts using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index in laboratory media and time-kill assay in a food model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and citral were 0.125, 0.5 and 0.5 µL/mL, respectively. The FIC indices of combinations assessed showed that cinnamaldehyde and citral combination exhibit synergistic interaction and no difference was found among other combinations tested. The combined effect observed was validated in skim milk and Lassi against the most common yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The tested mixture demonstrated stronger anti-yeast activity by completely inhibiting of the growth when compared to control. These results demonstrated potential of green chemistry as an alternate to chemical preservative to prevent yeast spoilage of milk and fermented milk products to improve microbiological stability of dairy products useful to meet expectations of consumers.
Synbiotics are employed as feed additives in animal production as an alternate to antibiotics for sustaining the gut microbiota and providing protection against infections. Dairy calves require a healthy diet and management to ensure a better future for the herd of dairy animals. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of synbiotics formulation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal bacterial count, metabolites, immunoglobulins, blood parameters, antioxidant enzymes and immune response of pre-ruminant Murrah buffalo calves. Twenty-four apparently healthy calves (5 days old) were allotted into four groups of six calves each. Group I (control) calves were fed a basal diet of milk, calf starter and berseem with no supplements. Group II (SYN1) calves were fed with 3 g fructooligosaccharide (FOS) + Lactobacillus plantarum CRD-7 (150 ml). Group III (SYN2) calves were fed with 6 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 (100 ml), whereas calves in group IV (SYN3) received 9 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 (50 ml). The results showed that SYN2 had the highest (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility and average daily gain compared to the control. Fecal counts of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium were also increased (P < 0.05) in supplemented groups as compared to control. Fecal ammonia, diarrhea incidence and fecal scores were reduced in treated groups while lactate, volatile fatty acids and antioxidant enzymes were improved compared to the control. Synbiotic supplementation also improved both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in buffalo calves. These findings indicated that synbiotics formulation of 6 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 in dairy calves improved digestibility, antioxidant enzymes, and immune status, as well as modulated the fecal microbiota and decreased diarrhea incidence. Therefore, synbiotics formulation can be recommended for commercial use in order to achieve sustainable animal production.
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