Results: All groups with single, double, and triple inoculations of the ghost showed higher humoral and mucosal immune responses than the control group. In particular, the groups with intramuscular double and triple inoculations showed significantly higher immune responses. In addition, oral inoculation with a combination of the ghost and MONTANIDE IMS 1113 (MI1113) resulted in high and prolonged induction of intestinal IgA levels. Conclusion: These results indicated that both systemic and mucosal immunity against ETEC fimbrial antigens expressed by the ghost are induced by intramuscular booster inoculation with the ghost, and that addition of M1113 to the ghost was found to result in prominent induction of mucosal immunity through oral inoculation.
The trial randomly assigned 19 084 patients to either take their antihypertensives upon waking in the morning or at bedtime. The patients were subsequently followed up over a median period of 6.3 years with ambulatory 48-hour blood pressure monitoring done at inclusion and at least annually.After adjusting for significant confounding variables such as sex, age, smoking history, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, previous and cardiovascular events, among others, the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularisation, heart failure, or stroke nearly halved (6.5% vs. 11.9%).National Institute for Health and Care Excellence advice on starting antihypertensive drug treatment was last updated prior to the publication of this research and does not recommend a time of day to give the medication. 2 With the results seeming almost too good to be true -the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) Journal Watch, a sibling publication to the NEJM, reviewed the article. They made the point that ideally the trial would be replicated; however, given the significant difference in adverse outcome with morning dosing, they questioned whether it would be ethically sound to randomise patients to the morning dosing arm. Ultimately, they felt recommending that patients take oncedaily antihypertensive drugs in the evening was reasonable. 3 Nature Reviews Cardiology has also acknowledged that, while the mechanism is unclear, the time of dosing is important for blood pressure control and protection against cardiovascular disease. 4Given these findings, I'd encourage fellow clinicians to consider recommending patients to take their antihypertensives at night. The question is now whether future guidelines will take note of this trial and recommend night dosing of antihypertensives.
An increase in seawater temperature owing to global warming is expected to substantially limit the growth of marine algae, including Pyropia yezoensis, a commercially valuable red alga. To improve our knowledge of the genes involved in the acquisition of heat tolerance in P. yezoensis, transcriptomes sequences were obtained from both the wild-type SG104 P. yezoensis and heat-tolerant mutant Gy500. We selected 1,251 differentially expressed genes that were up- or downregulated in response to the heat stress condition and in the heat-tolerant mutant Gy500, based on fragment per million reads expression values. Among them, PyHRG1 was downregulated under heat stress in SG104 and expressed at a low level in Gy500. PyHRG1 encodes a secretory protein of 26.5 kDa. PyHRG1 shows no significant sequence homology with any known genes deposited in public databases to date. However, PyHRG1 homologs were found in other red algae, including other Pyropia species. When PyHRG1 was introduced into the single-cell green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, transformed cells overexpressing PyHRG1 showed severely retarded growth. These results demonstrate that PyHRG1 encodes a novel red algae-specific protein and plays a role in heat tolerance in algae. The transcriptome sequences obtained in this study, which include PyHRG1, will facilitate future studies to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in heat tolerance in red algae.
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