Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is one of the chronic disease which related to the increased risk of cognitive decline. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels and duration of DM affect the pathophysiology of the occurrence of cognitive function disruption to DM type 2 subject. Uncontrolled blood glucose levels is HbA1c levels > 7% and cognitive function measured by using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The objective of this research is to find out the relation between an uncontrolled blood glucose levels and duration of DM to cognitive function from DM type 2 subject. Methods: This research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling. Result: The discoveries from all the 36 samples are a mean age of 55.2; length of sustaining DM 9.0; HbA1c 9.9; and MMSE score 24.7. Pearson correlation test results obtained the relation of HbA1c with MMSE score (p=0,215 ; r=-0,212) and the relation of the duration of sustaining DM with MMSE score (p=0,237 ; r=-0,202). Conclusion: There is a negative connection between uncontrolled blood sugar level and the duration of sustaining DM with cognitive function but statistically both of them are not significant to the DM type 2 subject.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, length of sustaining DM, cognitive function.Abstrak: Diabetes Melitus (DM) tipe 2 adalah salah satu penyakit kronis yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko penurunan kognitif. Kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol dan lama menderita DM, mempengaruhi patofisiologi terjadinya gangguan fungsi kognitif pada subyek DM tipe 2. Kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol adalah kadar HbA1c >7% dan fungsi kognitif diukur berdasarkan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol dan lama menderita DM dengan fungsi kognitif subyek DM tipe 2. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu consecutive sampling. Hasil: Dari 36 sampel didapatkan rerata usia 55,2; lama menderita DM 9,0; HbA1c 9,9; dan skor MMSE 24,7. Hasil uji korelasi pearson didapatkan hubungan HbA1c dengan skor MMSE (p=0,215; r=-0,212) dan hubungan lama menderita DM dengan skor MMSE (p=0,237;r=-0,202). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan negatif antara kadar gula darah tidak terkontrol dengan fungsi kognitif dan terdapat hubungan negatif antara lama menderita DM dengan fungsi kognitif namun secara statistik keduanya tidak bermakna pada subyek DM tipe 2.Kata kunci: diabetes melitus, HbA1c, lama menderita DM, fungsi kognitif.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathological condition with a variety of etiology, resulting in progressively decreased renal function which is often ended with kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease has a global prevalence of 800 per million of population and the incidence of end-stage renal disease ranges from 150 to 200 per million of population. Complications often occur at the end-stage renal disease inter alia anemia with a rate of 80-90%. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of stage-5 CKD patients with anemia and regular hemodialysis was performed on them. This was a descriptive-retrospective study using data of medical records at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital from January 2015 to October 2016. There were six observed variables as follows: age, gender, serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, and ferritin. The results showed that of the 48 CKD patients with anemia, there were 24 males and 24 females. The majority were aged 60-69 years (33%) and had normal SI level in 30 patients (67%); decreased TIBC in 35 patients (75%); normal transferrin saturation in 26 patients (54%); and increased ferritin level in 38 patients (81%). Conclusion: Majority of the patients were 60-69 years old and had normal level of SI, decreased TIBC, normal transferrin saturation, and increased levels of ferritin. There was no difference in case number of both sexes.Keywords: serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, ferritin Abstrak: Penyakit Ginjal Kronik (PGK) adalah suatu keadaan patologis dengan etiologi yang beragam, terjadi penurunan fungsi ginjal secara progresif, dan biasanya berakhir dengan gagal ginjal. Penyakit ginjal kronik merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan di dunia dengan prevalensi 800 per juta populasi dan insidensi end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 150-200 per juta populasi di dunia. Komplikasi sering terjadi pada PGK stadium akhir antara lain anemia dengan persentase mencapai 80-90%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil pasien PGK stadium 5 dengan anemia dan menjalani hemodialisis reglular. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif-retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder dari catatan rekam medik periode Januari 2015 – Oktober 2016 di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado dengan enam variabel penelitian, yaitu usia, jenis kelamin, serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), saturasi transferin, dan feritin. Dari 48 data rekam medik pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi ditemukan bahwa mayoritas pasien berumur 60-69 tahun (33%), laki-laki maupun perempuan berjumlah sama, mayoritas pasien memiliki kadar SI normal berjumlah 30 pasien (67%), kadar TIBC menurun berjumlah 35 pasien (75%), saturasi transferin normal berjumlah 26 pasien (54%), dan kadar feritin meningkat berjumlah 38 pasien (81%). Simpulan: Mayoritas pasien PGK stadium 5 yang menjalani hemodialisis reguler berusia 60-69 tahun, laki-laki dan perempuan berjumlah sama, serta memiliki kadar SI normal, penurunan TIBC, saturasi transferin normal, dan peningkatan kadar feritin. Kata kunci: serum iron, total iron binding capacity, saturasi transferin, feritin
Liver cirrhosis is often associated with impaired renal function. This can be due to disturbances of hemodynamic and neurohormonal systems and increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This will lead to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study aimed to find out the connection of the liver cirrhosis degree and GFR values in liver cirrhosis subjects. This study was a cross-sectional design. Samples were 30 liver cirrhosis cases’ medical records at BLU Prof. Dr R.D Kandou Hospital Manado in the period of October 2013 to October 2014.The medical record data included age, gender, values of albumin, bilirubin, and creatinine, Child’s score, and the GFR values by using CKD-EPI formula. The corrrelation of the liver cirrhosis degrees and GFR values was tested by using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed that there was a negative, not significant correlation between class B Child’s score and GFR (r = -0.231, p = 0.618); a positive, not significant correlation between class C Child’s score and GFR (r = 0.188, p = 0.428), and btween Child’s score and GFR (r = 0.118, p = 0.533)Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between the liver cirrhosis degree (Child’s score) and GFR values.Keywords: liver cirhhosis, Child’s score, GFRAbstrak: Sirosis hati sering disertai gangguan fungsi ginjal. Hal tersebut dapat disebabkan adanya gangguan sistem hemodinamik dan neurohormonal, serta peningkatan aktivitas sistem saraf simpatis. Gangguan ini akan memicu penurunan laju filtrasi glomerulus (LFG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan derajat keparahan sirosis hati dengan nilai laju filtrasi glomerulus pada subyek sirosis hati. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Sampel peneltian ini berjumlah 30 rekam medik subyek sirosis hati yang tercatat di BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Oktober 2013 sampai Oktober 2014. Data rekam medik tersebut mencakup umur, jenis kelamin, nilai albumin, bilirubin, kreatinin, skor Child, dan nilai LFG menggunakan formula CKD-EPI. Hubungan derajat keparahan Child dengan LFGdiuji dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif dan tidak signifikan antara skor Child kelas B dengan LFG (r = -0,231, p = 0,618), hubungan positif dan tidak signifikan antara skor Child kelas Cdengan LFG (r = 0,188, p = 0,428), serta skor Child dengan LFG (r = 0,118, p = 0,533). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara derajat keparahan sirosis hati (Skor Child) dengan nilai LFG.Kata kunci: sirosis hati, skor Child, LFG
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased risk of tuberculosis compared to patients with normal renal function. This is due to impaired cell-mediated immunity, imunosupressive medication, HIV infection, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Uremia is also associated with immunodeficiency in CKD patients due to functional abnormality of neutrophils, reduced T and B cell function, and impaired monocyte and monocyte-derived dendritic cell function. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of TB patients associated with CKD at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado This was a descriptive retrospective study using medical record data of CKD patients with TB co-infection within one-year. The results showed that of 1369 CKD patients, 32 patients had coinfection with TB (2.34%). The majority of patients were males (81%); 62.5% were in the age range of 46-65 years old. Most of them worked as agricultural farmer (28%). Forty-four percent of the patients had CKD stage 5; 11 of them did not undergo dialysis. Most CKD patients were caused by NSAID nephropathy (65%). Conclusion: The majority of TB patients associated with CKD were males, aged 45-65 years, and worked as farmers. The major cause of CKD was NSAID nephropathy. Most patients suffered from CKD stage 5, some did not undergo dialysis.Keywords: chronic kidney disease, lung tuberculosis Abstrak: Pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) mempunyai peningkatan risiko tuberkulosis (TB) dibanding pasien dengan fungsi ginjal yang normal. Hal ini terkait dengan penurunan cell-mediated immunity, pengobatan imunosupresif, koinfeksi human immune-deficiency virus (HIV), dan diabetes melitus (DM). Uremia juga berhungan dengan imuno-defisiensi pada PGK yang disebabkan oleh abnormalitas fungsional dari neutrofil, penurunan fungsi sel T dan B dan terganggunya fungsi monosit dan sel dendritik turunan monosit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil pasien TB paru disertai PGK yang dirawat di RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode Oktober 2017-Oktober 2018. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retroskpektif menggunakan data rekam medik pasien PGK dengan koinfeksi TB paru selama satu tahun. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 1369 pasien PGK; 32 pasien dengan koinfeksi TB paru (2,34%). Mayoritas pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki (81%), berada pada rentang usia 46-65 tahun (62,5%), dan bekerja sebagai petani (28%). Sebesar 44% dari pasien dengan PGK derajat 5; 11 diantaranya non-dialisis. Paling banyak disebabkan oleh nefropati OAINS (65%). Simpulan: Mayoritas pasien PGK di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado berjenis kelamin laki-laki, berusia 45-65 tahun, dan bekerja sebagai petani. Penyakit penyebab PGK-nya terbanyak ialah nefropati OAINS. Mayoritas pasien PGK dengan derajat 5, sebagian di antaranya non dialisis.Kata kunci: penyakit ginjal kronik, tuberkulosis paru
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a pathophysiological process due to multiple causes, resulting in progressively declined kidney function and generally ends with kidney failure. Data years 1995-1999 in the United States estimated that the incidence of CKD was 100 million cases every year, and it would increase about 8% every year. In Manado, CKD is one of the risky diseases that needs special attention and causes complications that can aggravate the CKD itself. This was a descriptive retrospective study using the medical record data of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital from November 2015 to December 2015. Variables were age, sex, causes of CKD, complications, stages, and CKD patients stage 5 with and without hemodialysis. The results showed that of the total 71 patients there were 44 (61%) males and 27 (39%) females. The highest percentages were in age group 50-59 (21 patients), CKD stage 5 (44 patients), diabetic kidney disease as the leading cause (22 patients), and complication of renal anemia (25 patients). Of patients with CKD stage 5, there were 25 patients with hemodialysis and 19 patients without hemodialysis.Keywords: CKD, diabetic kidney disease, renal anemia Abstrak: Penyakit Ginjal Kronik (PGK) adalah suatu proses patofisiologik dengan etiologi beragam, yang mengakibatkan penurunan fungsi ginjal yang progresif, dan umumnya berakhir dengan gagal ginjal. Data tahun 1995-1999 di Amerika Serikat menyatakan insidens PGK diperkirakan 100 kasus perjuta penduduk pertahun, dan angka ini meningkat sekitar 8% setiap tahunnya. Di Manado, PGK merupakan salah satu penyakit berisiko yang perlu diberi perhatian khusus, dan sering terjadi komplikasi yang dapat memperburuk PGK itu sendiri. Jenis penelitian ini deskriptif retrospektif dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder di Bagian Rekam Medik RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou periode November 2015 – Desember 2015. Variabel penelitian yaitu umur, jenis kelamin, etiologi, stadium, komplikasi, dan pasien penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 yang menjalani atau tidak menjalani hemodialisis. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 71 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi berdasarkan jenis kelamin terdapat 44 (61%) pasien laki-laki dan 27 (39%) pasien perempuan. Persentase tertinggi ditemukan pada kelompok umur 50-59 tahun (21 pasien), stadium 5 (44 pasien), penyakit ginjal diabetes sebagai etiologi (22 pasien), dan komplikasi anemia renal (25 pasien). Pasien PGK stadium 5 yang menjalani hemodialisis sebanyak 25 pasien, sedangkan yang tidak menjalani hemodialisis sebanyak 19 pasien. Kata kunci: penyakit ginjal kronik, penyakit ginjal diabetes, anemia renal
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