PurposeTo evaluate the performance of the hand-held and table-top autorefractokeratometer in measuring refractive errors by comparing them with cycloplegic retinoscopy.MethodsIncluded in the study were 112 eyes of 112 pediatric patients whose mean age was 6.78 ± 2.61 years (range, 2 to 12 years). The refractive errors of all the eyes were measured with and without cycloplegia using a hand held autorefractokeratometer (Retinomax K-plus 3), table top autorefractokeratometer (Canon RK-F1) and performing cycloplegic retinoscopy. The spherical equivalent, cylindrical axis and keratometer values were statistically compared.ResultsThe mean spherical equivalent obtained from the Retinomax K-plus 3 was significantly less hyperopic than that of Canon RK-F1 (p = 0.004) before cycloplegia. When the Bland Altman analysis was performed in comparisons of spherical equivalent values measured with the Retinomax K-plus 3, Canon RK-F1 and cycloplegic retinoscopy, it was seen that almost all of the differences between the measurements remained within the range of ±2 standard deviation. Good agreement was found between Retinomax K-plus 3 and Canon RK-F1 for the Jackson cross-cylinder values at axis 0° and 45°; keratometer values respectively.ConclusionsThe refractive error components were highly correlated between the two instruments and cycloplegic retinoscopy.

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Objectives:To assess the long-term effects of soft contact lenses (SCL) on the cornea and anterior chamber by topography.Materials and Methods:Thirty-nine eyes of 22 healthy patients were included in this prospective study. Changes in corneal and anterior chamber parameters before and after 12 months of daily SCL use (Air Optix Aqua, Air Optix Aqua for Astigmatism, Acuvue Oasys and Acuvue Oasys for Astigmatism) were evaluated with Pentacam (Oculus, Germany).Results:Best corrected visual acuity with toric SCL was significantly better compared to spectacles in the toric SCL group (0.98±0.34 vs 0.94±0.72, p=0.004). None of the corneal (horizontal and vertical keratometry, corneal volume, anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, corneal pachymetry of apex and thinnest location) and anterior chamber (anterior chamber depth, volume and angle) parameters showed a statistically significant change after long-term daily wear of SCLs.Conclusion:The results of this study revealed that long-term wear of current high oxygen permeable and relatively low modulus silicone hydrogel SCLs does not impact cornea and anterior chamber morphology or volumetric parameters. Furthermore, toric silicone hydrogel SCLs can provide better visual performance than spectacles.

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Background: Several structural, vascular density and perfusion studies were conducted in type 1 and 2 diabetes, even in the absence of retinopathy. The current study is the first to compare macular vessel densities (VD) by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) between maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) patients and healthy controls. Methods: The macular VD of superficial, deep retina, and choriocapillaris, and central macular thickness (CMT), foveal avascular zone area (FAZ), FAZ perimetry, VD of total retina at 300µm around the FAZ (FD), acirculatory index (AI) measurements were captured by the OCTA, which operates with built into software (RTVue-XR100-2 Avanti, Angiovue), and were compared between molecularly confirmed (GCK mutations) MODY patients and controls. Results: Twenty-five MODY patients and 30 controls were included. Mean plasma HbA1c level of the MODY group was 6.39±0.38 (min:5,4 max:6,9, %). Average age was 13.8±2.1 in the MODY group, and was 12.6±2.5 years among controls. There was no significant difference in terms of age, superficial and deep retinal VD, FAZ, FAZ perimetry, CMT, FD, and AI between groups. Significant increase of VD only at the parafoveal and perifoveal regions of choriocapillaris in the MODY group was observed (P=0.034 and P=0.009). Conclusion: No significant difference of macular VD was observed between non-retinopathic MODY patients and controls, except VD of choriocapillaris at the parafovea and perifovea. Previous thickness and VD results were distributed in a wider range suggesting not yet defined factors may be affecting the choroidal vasculature independent of glycemia or as a contributing factor.