Do men and women with similar admissions test scores earn similar grades in mathematics? What factors may explain underprediction for women? Do men and women differ in persistence in mathematics study?

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Valla and Ceci (2011, this issue) describe the participation of women in science and claim that the increases in quantitative fields (e.g., mathematics, engineering, and physical sciences) are an exception to the statement that ''Women's growth in the scientific workforce has been meteoric over the past 40 years'' (p. 134). We disagree and present statistics demonstrating a more positive view of the increase of the number of women in quantitative fields.

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Gender differences in cognitive and educational performance refer to the apparent differences in the cognitive abilities of men and women, especially with respect to spatial and verbal tasks. They have been ascribed to both cultural and biological influences.