Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1) are well known as retrotransposons. A number of reports indicate that down-regulation of LINE-1 substantially affects growth of malignant cells and epithelial mesenchymal transition, which is difficult to be explained by its function as retrotransposon. More recent data indicate that LINE-1 is broadly involved in the regulation of telomere maintenance. This explains the essential role of LINE-1 for survival of malignant cells and further supports a global function of active LINE-1 elements in cell proliferation. We further discuss the implications of LINE-1-associated telomere regulation on evolution of telomeric structures, on embryogenesis and on therapy of malignancies.
We report on a male patient who tested positive for antiphospholipid antibodies for 43 years without thromboembolic manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). He has been followed up in a prospective cohort study since 2001. Following his second hip replacement surgery, the patient developed acute adrenal failure due to bilateral hemorrhagic infarction. Prophylactic anticoagulation, surgery, or an immunological reaction to blood transfusion may have triggered this late and unusually located primary manifestation of APS in our patient.
IntroductionAltered brain iron metabolism in the face of aging is cited as a significant risk factor for development of Alzheimer's Disease. In order to correlate brain iron pools (total, loosely bound, non-heme) with novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) an experimental mouse model with an engineered deletion of iron regulatory protein-2 (IRP-2) was used. The novel MR sequences are termed susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). These mice display signs of neurodegeneration after six months of age, manifested by ataxia, vestibular dysfunction, tremors, and postural abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to develop a dissection technique that enabled a standardized and reproducible method to secure regions of interest (ROI) for iron assay measurements.Methods35 C57/B1 mice were euthanized with the Muromachi Microwave Fixator. Controlled microwave brain fixation provides immediate fixation of brain metabolites and conservation of iron in its various pools. Craniotomies are performed to expose the underlying fixed brain. We are able to dissect 12 distinct ROI from each hemisphere (5-10 mg in quantities, ww).ResultsOur dissection technique allowed isolation of the following ROI: olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, striatum, ventral midline basal nucleus, quadrigeminal plate, lower midbrain, entorhinal cortex, and brainstem. The validity of the dissection was verified by the reconstruction of the ROI followed by histological sectioning, and T2 MRI imaging.ConclusionsControlled brain microwave fixation gives the brain tissue the unique consistency necessary for the successful isolation of distinct ROI. The newly created dissection protocol allows for the: a) identification and removal of 12 such structures, b) sufficient tissues for analyzing amounts of iron or other metabolites, and c) the unique ability to correlate iron content in its various pools with image SWI MRI. The mouse model will form the basis of the interpretation of human brain iron MR determinations.
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