Shrimp aquaculture has been dramatically affected by many pathogenic diseases, mainly caused by five viruses: IHHNV, YHV, TSV, WSSV, and IMNV. Here we provide a state-of-the-art overview of these shrimp viruses, with emphasis on distribution, pathology, morphology, and genomic organization, in addition to current diagnostic methods and intervention practices.
Despite the economic impact of the infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) on shrimp farms in several countries, no method for immunological detection is currently available. With the aim of developing immunodiagnostic methods for IMNV detection in infected shrimps, a recombinant fragment of the IMNV major capsid protein gene encoding amino acids 105-297 (rIMNV₁₀₅₋₂₉₇ was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and used to immunize Balb/c mice, generating monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Six hybridomas were obtained, and four of these recognized the presence of IMNV in tissue homogenates from naturally infected shrimps by immunodot blot assay. Among these MAbs, three were able to detect a ~100-kDa protein, which corresponds to the predicted mass of the IMNV major capsid protein, as well as viral inclusion bodies in muscle fibroses by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Two MAbs showed high specificity and sensitivity, showing no cross-reaction with healthy shrimp tissues in any assays, indicating their usefulness for IMNV detection.
Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) has been causing a progressive disease in farm-reared shrimps in Brazil and Indonesia. Immunodiagnostic methods for IMNV detection, although reliable, are not employed currently because monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against this virus are not available. In this study, a fragment of the IMNV major capsid protein gene, comprising amino acids 300-527 (IMNV(300-527)), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the recombinant IMNV(300-527) fragment displayed a high degree of identity to the major capsid protein of IMNV isolates from Brazil (99%) and Indonesia (98%). Ten MAbs were generated against the expressed fragment, and eight of these, mostly IgG(2a) or IgG(2b), were able to bind to IMNV in tissue extracts from shrimps infected naturally in immunodot-blot assays. Six of these MAbs recognized a approximately 100 kDa protein in a Western-blot, which is the predicted mass of IMNV major capsid protein, and also bound to viral inclusions present in muscle fibroses and in coagulative myonecrosis, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Among all those MAbs created, four did not cross-react with non-infected shrimp tissues; this observation supports their applicability as a sensitive and specific immunodiagnosis of IMNV infection in shrimps.
In today's world, innovation guides a country's ability to adapt and conquer new markets, being investments in Science, Technology and Innovation (CT&I) one of the essential factors to keep up with global megatends. This work aimed to know the correlations between socioeconomic development indicators of 14 countries, including Brazil, and CT&I performance indicators. The results demonstrated high correlations between gross investments in CT&I and GDP, as well as the position in scientific production (R2 = 0.85 in both analyzes). The correlation of investments in CT&I with the ranking of competitiveness was low; However, the innovation ranking showed median correlation (R2 = 0.61) when related to the CT&I invested GDP percentages. The correlations between the innovation and competitiveness rankings with the HDI were also median (R2 = 0.61 and R2 = 0.56, respectively). CT&I indicators did not correlate with GDP growth rates and unemployment rates. Thus, this study infers that investing a higher percentage of GDP in CT&I can promote greater ability to innovate and human development in a country, and may be a political-economic strategy to be adopted.
Objetivo: Correlacionar los indicadores de desarrollo socioeconómico de una muestra representativa de catorce países, entre ellos Brasil, y los indicadores de desempeño en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI). Diseño / Metodología / Abordaje: Técnicas estadísticas de correlación entre indicadores de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación publicados por instituciones internacionales de referencia. Resultados: Los resultados demostraron correlaciones elevadas entre las inversiones brutas en CTI y el PIB, así como la posición en la producción científica (R2 = 0,85 en ambos análisis). La correlación de las inversiones en CTI con la clasificación de competitividad fue baja; sin embargo, la clasificación de innovación mostró una correlación media (R2 = 0,61) cuando se relacionó con los porcentajes del PIB invertidos en CTI. Las correlaciones entre las clasificaciones de innovación y competitividad con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) también fueron medias (R2 = 0,61 y R2 = 0,56, respectivamente). Los indicadores de CTI no presentaron ninguna correlación con las tasas de crecimiento del PIB y las tasas de desempleo. Limitaciones de la investigación: el estudio se limita a una muestra de catorce países que fueron elegidos por sus similitudes con Brasil. Implicaciones prácticas: orientación de políticas públicas a la generación de conocimiento mediante inversiones en ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Implicaciones sociales: este estudio infiere que invertir un mayor porcentaje del PIB en CTI puede promover una mayor capacidad de innovación y desarrollo humano en un país, y puede ser una estrategia político-económica a adoptar aunque no exista correlación con las tasas de desempleo. Originalidad/valor: el estudio es especialmente importante por la indicación de que las inversiones en generación de conocimiento (ciencia, tecnología e innovación) no disminuyen necesariamente el desempleo, sino que mejoran el IDH - Índice de Desarrollo Humano.
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