This paper deals with the nonlinear oscillation of a simple pendulum and presents not only the exact formula for the period but also the exact expression of the angular displacement as a function of the time, the amplitude of oscillations and the angular frequency for small oscillations. This angular displacement is written in terms of the Jacobi elliptic function sn(u;m) using the following initial conditions: the initial angular displacement is different from zero while the initial angular velocity is zero. The angular displacements are plotted using Mathematica, an available symbolic computer program that allows us to plot easily the function obtained. As we will see, even for amplitudes as high as 0.75π (135• ) it is possible to use the expression for the angular displacement, but considering the exact expression for the angular frequency ω in terms of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. We can conclude that for amplitudes lower than 135 o the periodic motion exhibited by a simple pendulum is practically harmonic but its oscillations are not isochronous (the period is a function of the initial amplitude). We believe that present study may be a suitable and fruitful exercise for teaching and better understanding the behavior of the nonlinear pendulum in advanced undergraduate courses on classical mechanics. Keywords: simple pendulum, large-angle period, angular displacement.Este artigo aborda a oscilação não-linear de um pêndulo simples e apresenta não apenas a fórmula exata do período mas também a dependencia temporal do deslocamento angular para amplitudes das oscilações e a freqüência angular para pequenas oscilações. O deslocamento angularé escrito em termos da função elíptica de Jacobi sn(u;m) usando as seguintes condições iniciais: o deslocamento angular inicialé diferente de zero enquanto que a velocidade angular inicialé zero. Os deslocamentos angulares são plotados usando Mathematica, um disponível programa simbólico de computador que nos permite plotar facilmente a função obtida. Como veremos, mesmo para amplitudes tão grandes quanto 0,75π (135 o )é possível usar a expressão para o deslocamento angular mas considerando a expressão exata para a freqüência angular w em termos da integral elíptica completa de primeira espécie. Concluímos que, para amplitudes menores que 135 o , o movimento periódico exibido por um pêndulo simplesé praticamente harmônico, mas suas oscilações não são isócronas (o períodoé uma função da amplitude inicial). Acreditamos que o presente estudo possa tornar-se um exercício conveniente e frutífero para o ensino e para uma melhor compreensão do pêndulo não-linear em cursos avançados de mecânica clássica na graduação. Palavras-chave: pêndulo simples, período a grandesângulos, deslocamento angular.Perhaps one of the nonlinear systems most studied and analyzed is the simple pendulum [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], which is the most popular textbook example of a nonlinear system and is studied not only in advanced but also in introductory university courses of...
A modified He's homotopy perturbation method (HHPM) is used to calculate the periodic solutions of a conservative nonlinear oscillator for which the elastic force term is proportional to x 1/3. A modification in He's homotopy perturbation method is introduced by truncating the infinite series corresponding to the first order approximate solution before introducing this solution in the second order linear differential equation and so on. We find this modified HHPM works very well for the whole range of initial amplitudes, and excellent agreement of the approximate frequencies and periodic solutions with the exact ones has been demonstrated and discussed. Only one iteration leads to high accuracy of the solutions and the maximal relative error for the approximate frequency is less than 0.6% for small and large values of oscillation amplitude, while this relative error is 0.17% for the second iteration and as low as 0.024% when the third approximation is considered. Comparison of the result obtained by the present method with those obtained by considering different harmonic balance methods reveals that the present method is very effective and convenient.
A modified He's homotopy perturbation method is used to calculate the periodic solutions of a nonlinear oscillator with discontinuities for which the elastic force term is proportional to sgn(x). The He's homotopy perturbation method is modified by truncating the infinite series corresponding to the first-order approximate solution before introducing this solution in the second order linear differential equation. We find this modified homotopy perturbation method works very well for the whole range of initial amplitudes, and the excellent agreement of the approximate frequencies and periodic solutions with the exact ones has been demonstrated and discussed. Only one iteration leads to high accuracy of the solutions with a maximal relative error for the approximate period of less than 1.6% for all values of oscillation amplitude, while this relative error is 0.65% for the second iteration and 0.24% when the third-order approximation is considered. Comparison of the result obtained using this method with the exact ones reveals that this modified method is very effective and convenient.
The first-order harmonic balance method via the first Fourier coefficient is used to construct two approximate frequency-amplitude relations for the relativistic oscillator for which the nonlinearity (anharmonicity) is a relativistic effect due to the time line dilation along the world line. Making a change of variable, a new nonlinear differential equation is obtained and two procedures are used to approximately solve this differential equation. In the first the differential equation is rewritten in a form that does not contain a square-root expression, while in the second the differential equation is solved directly. The approximate frequency obtained using the second procedure is more accurate than the frequency obtained with the first due to the fact that, in the second procedure, application of the harmonic balance method produces an infinite set of harmonics, while in the first procedure only two harmonics are produced. Both approximate frequencies are valid for the complete range of oscillation amplitudes, and excellent agreement of the approximate frequencies with the exact one are demonstrated and discussed. The discrepancy between the first-order approximate frequency obtained by means of the second procedure and the exact frequency never exceeds 1.6%. We also obtained the approximate frequency by applying the second order harmonic balance method and in this case the relative error is as low 0.31% for all the range of values of amplitude of oscillation A.
A modified He's homotopy perturbation method is used to calculate higher-order analytical approximate solutions to the relativistic and Duffing-harmonic oscillators. The He's homotopy perturbation method is modified by truncating the infinite series corresponding to the first order approximate solution before introducing this solution in the second order linear differential equation, and so on. We find this modified homotopy perturbation method works very well for the whole range of initial amplitudes, and the excellent agreement of the approximate frequencies and periodic solutions with the exact ones has been demonstrated and discussed. The approximate formulas obtained show excellent agreement with the exact solutions, and are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation, including the limiting cases of amplitude approaching zero and infinity. For the relativistic oscillator, only one iteration leads to high accuracy of the solutions with a maximal relative error for the approximate frequency of less than 1.6% for small and large values of oscillation amplitude, while this relative error is 0.65% for two iterations with two harmonics and as low as 0.18% when three harmonics are considered in the second approximation. For the Duffing-harmonic oscillator the relative error is as low as 0.078% when the second approximation is considered. Comparison of the result obtained using this method with those obtained by the harmonic balance methods reveals that the former is very effective and convenient.
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