Under projections of global climate change and other stressors, significant changes in the ecology, structure and function of coral reefs are predicted. Current management strategies tend to look to the past to set goals, focusing on halting declines and restoring baseline conditions. Here, we explore a complementary approach to decision making that is based on the anticipation of future changes in ecosystem state, function and services. Reviewing the existing literature and utilizing a scenario planning approach, we explore how the structure of coral reef communities might change in the future in response to global climate change and overfishing. We incorporate uncertainties in our predictions by considering heterogeneity in reef types in relation to structural complexity and primary productivity. We examine 14 ecosystem services provided by reefs, and rate their sensitivity to a range of future scenarios and management options. Our predictions suggest that the efficacy of management is highly dependent on biophysical characteristics and reef state. Reserves are currently widely used and are predicted to remain effective for reefs with high structural complexity. However, when complexity is lost, maximizing service provision requires a broader portfolio of management approaches, including the provision of artificial complexity, coral restoration, fish aggregation devices and herbivore management. Increased use of such management tools will require capacity building and technique refinement and we therefore conclude that diversification of our management toolbox should be considered urgently to prepare for the challenges of managing reefs into the 21st century.

Her research currently focuses on topics such as policy integration and the strategies of adaptation to climate change, policy networks in the policy process, south-south cooperation and policy transfer.

IntroduçãoA configuração de um grupo de economias emergentes como atores relevantes da cena internacional constitui um dos fenômenos mais marcantes da história econômica mundial recente. E o interesse desses países pelo continente africano contribui para sua atual transformação econômica e social, por meio da diversificação comercial, de investimentos e parcerias, bem como das novas modalidades de cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Tal transformação reflete, em grande medida, a normalização das relações pós-coloniais africanas, embora a influência dos parceiros tradicionais seja ainda relevante (AfDB et al. 2011). Se, por um lado, as economias emergentes se associam em função de suas performances econômicas e colaboram regularmente em fóruns políticos, por outro lado, suas estratégias de desenvolvimento e política externa são bastante distintas. Elas variam segundo os setores, tipos de bens comercializados, tecnologias subjacentes e modelos de financiamento utilizados (Bliss 2010).O Brasil, que no Pós-Guerra se beneficiava da "ajuda internacional", formula no fim dos anos 1960 um programa de comércio e cooperação com os países menos desenvolvidos. Tal programa fundava-se na ideia de que o sistema tradicional de ajuda havia esgotado grande parte dos seus paradigmas e que em razão de sua rigidez ideológica e mesmo operacional seria incapaz de responder aos desafios do desenvolvimento (Vaz e Inoue 2007

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L’article traite des modalités du démantèlement récent des politiques publiques rurales et environnementales avec un recul de quelques années, en mobilisant l’examen de plusieurs volets : le foncier, l’agriculture familiale, le développement territorial rural, l’agroécologie et l’environnement. L’analyse porte sur les trois derniers gouvernements (Rousseff, Temer et Bolsonaro), à partir de l’approche du démantèlement de politiques publiques de Bauer et al. (Bauer MW, Jordan A, Green-Pedersen C, Heritier A. 2013. Dismantling public policy: preferences, strategies and effects. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656646.001.0001). La méthode associe l’analyse documentaire des textes officiels, les statistiques portant sur les budgets et des entretiens auprès de décideurs et gestionnaires de ces politiques conduits dans le cadre de recherches initiées depuis 2012. Les transformations observées suggèrent l’intégration de différentes stratégies de démantèlement des politiques publiques, surtout depuis 2019. Moins utilisés durant les gouvernements Rousseff et Temer, ces mécanismes sont particulièrement mis en œuvre dans le cadre conservateur et belligérant du gouvernement Bolsonaro, dont la base politique répond positivement à la destruction des dispositifs de régulation de l’État.

This article sheds light on the new sites of contestation of global capitalism and international geopolitics created by transnational ties between Brazilian and Mozambican social movements. With a special focus on the rural sector and land issues, the article examines how the internation-

The purpose of this study was to establish a subsampling procedure for benthic macroinvertebrates to aid in the development of a multimetric index to assess the biological condition of streams. Data from six streams that are considered minimally impaired were used. Subsampling was done using a device divided into 24 quadrats. The sediment from each quadrat was sorted, and all organisms were removed and identified. Richness metrics were the most affected by subsample size. Relative-abundance metrics were the most stable, proving that the sample was well distributed throughout the tray and abundance proportions were maintained. The results showed that the macroinvertebrate assemblage present in the six quadrats was similar to that present in the full sample. These analyses indicated that six quadrats, randomly designated, with a minimum of 200 collected specimens could be used in place of the full sample. In routine water management, managing time and costs are a major challenge; therefore, this type of simplification is absolutely necessary to ensure that a biomonitoring tool is useful for practical applications.

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