The River Continuum Concept (RCC) assumes that autochthonous primary production in forest streams is limited by light and is insufficient to sustain secondary production by consumers; they must therefore depend on allochthonous carbon from the surrounding forest. Recent studies have, however, questioned the importance of allochthonous carbon in stream food webs. There is a growing body of evidence using stable‐isotope techniques that demonstrate the importance of algae (autochthonous production) in the food webs of tropical streams. The actual contributions of autochthonous and allochthonous resources are rarely evaluated accurately because few studies consider the diet and the trophic efficiencies of the components of the food web or measure primary and secondary production to estimate the energy flow. We estimated the annual net primary productivity of periphytic microalgae (NPP) and the secondary production of macroinvertebrates (SP) from empirical models and we used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to quantify the flow of material in food webs of five forest streams in the Guapi‐Macacu catchment, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. NPP ranged from 46 g to 173 g dry mass (DM) m−2, whereas SP ranged from 0.90 g DM m−2 to 2.58 g DM m−2. The contribution of allochthonous carbon to the SP was more important than autochthonous sources and varied from 56% to 74% of all basal energy flow assimilated by primary consumers. The annual ingestion rate of basal sources varied from 8.08 g DM m−2 to 26.57 g DM m−2, with the allochthonous material contributing 76% and 87% of this. The annual ingestion rate of autochthonous material varied from 1.2% to 5.5% of the NPP. The present work suggests that the principal energy source for macroinvertebrates in streams of the Guapi‐Macacu catchment came from the riparian forest, as predicted by the RCC. However, this dependence appeared not to be driven by an absolute lack of autochthonous NPP, which seemed more than sufficient to sustain the entirety of macroinvertebrate SP.
Brazil faces a challenge to develop biomonitoring tools to be used in water quality assessment programs, but few multimetric indices were developed so far. This study is part of an effort to test and implement programs using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators in Rio de Janeiro State. Our aim was first to test the Multimetric Index for Serra dos Órgãos (SOMI) for a different area -Serra da Bocaina (SB) -in the same ecoregion. We sampled 27 streams of different sizes and altitudes in the SB region. Despite the environmental similarities, results indicated biological differences between reference sites of the two regions. Considering these differences, we decided to develop an index specific for the SB region, the Serra da Bocaina Multimetric Index (MISB). We tested twenty-two metrics for sensitivity to impairment and redundancy, and six metrics were considered valid to integrate the MISB: Family Richness, Trichoptera Richness, % Coleoptera, % Diptera, IBE-IOC index, EPT / Chironomidae ratio. A test of the MISB in eleven sites indicated it was more related to land-use and water physico-chemical parameters than with altitude or stream width, being a useful tool for the monitoring and assessment of streams in the bioregion.Keywords: biomonitoring, macroinvertebrates, freshwater ecoregions, watershed management, stream ecology. Desenvolvimento de um índice multimétrico bentônico para a bioregião da Serra da Bocaina no Sudeste do BrasilResumo O Brasil enfrenta o desafio de desenvolver ferramentas de biomonitoramento para serem utilizadas em programas de avaliação da qualidade de águas, porém poucos índices multimétricos foram construídos para esta finalidade. Este estudo faz parte de um esforço para testar e implementar programas de biomonitoramento utilizando macroinvertebrados bentônicos como bioindicadores no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Nosso objetivo foi primeiro testar se as métricas que compõem o Índice Multimétrico da Serra dos Órgãos (SOMI) eram válidas para serem aplicadas em um área diferente -Serra da Bocaina (SB) -pertencente à mesma ecoregião. Nós amostramos 27 riachos de diferentes tamanhos e altitudes na região da Serra da Bocaina. Apesar das similaridades ambientais, os resultados indicaram haver diferenças entre locais de referencia nas duas regiões. Considerando tais diferenças, nós desenvolvemos um índice específico para região da SB, denominado de Índice Multimétrico da Serra da Bocaina (IMSB). Testamos vinte e duas métricas quanto à sensibilidade e redundância. Seis métricas foram consideradas válidas para integrar o IMSB: Riqueza de Famílias, Riqueza de Trichoptera, % Coleoptera, % Diptera, índice IBE-IOC e Taxa EPT / Chironomidae. O teste do IMSB indicou que o índice estava mais relacionado aos parâmetros físicos e químicos da água e ao uso da terra do que com a altitude ou largura dos rios. Assim, consideramos uma ferramenta útil para monitorar e avaliar riachos na bioregião estudada.Palavras-chave: biomonitoramento, macroinvertebrados, ecoregiões de água doce, manejo de bacia hid...
The objective of this study was to develop a rapid multimetric index using benthic macrofauna as bioindicators of ecological conditions for the upper reaches of the Piabanha-Paquequer-Preto Basin located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 33698 macroinvertebrates were collected in 27 sites. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using the multi-habitat method that consists in sampling 20 m² of substrate collected in approximate proportion to the representation of all major habitat types in the reach. A subsampling procedure was used. The main steps followed to develop and test the index were: exclusion of unsuitable metrics using box-whisker plots, considering the degree of overlapping among interquartile limits (1º-3º) and confirmed by Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05) using six reference rivers and six impaired rivers. From all the candidate potential metrics, 36 were considered suitable. After identifying redundant metrics, through Spearman correlation analysis, and considering practical application criteria, six core metrics were selected to compose the Piabanha-Paquequer-Preto Multimetric Index (PPPMI) using the continuous method: Family richness, Shannon-Wiener family diversity, EPT family richness, %Diptera, %MOLD (Mollusca + Diptera) and %Collectors. The sensitivity of the index was tested in 15 rivers using a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the six environmental variables. The first axis of the PCA was highly correlated to the PPPMI scores (r = 0.703, p < 0.001). The PPPMI responded to a set of environmental variables associated to a gradient of human disturbance affecting the ecological condition of the waterbodies. This indicates that the PPPMI is an effective tool for biological monitoring and decision making in the hydrographic region of the Piabanha-Paquequer-Preto rivers
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