The development of various types of cancer results from the interaction among endogenous, environmental and hormonal factors, where the most notable of these factors is diet. The aim of the present study was to determine the antigenotoxic, anticarcinogenic, phagocytic and immunomodulatory activities of Agaricus blazei. The test antigenotoxicity (Comet Assay) and anticarcinogenic (Test of Aberrant Crypt Foci) assess changes in DNA and/or intestinal mucosa that correlate to cancer development. Tests of phagocytosis in the spleen and differential count in blood cells allow the inference of modulation of the immune system as well as to propose a way of eliminating cells with DNA damage. Supplementation with the mushroom was carried out under pre-treatment, simultaneous treatment, post-treatment and pre-treatment+continuous conditions. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the mushroom did not have genotoxic activity but showed antigenotoxic activity. Supplementation caused an increase in the number of monocytes and in phagocytic activity, suggesting that supplementation increases a proliferation of monocytes, consequently increasing phagocytic capacity especially in the groups pre-treatment, simultaneous and pre-treatment+continuous. The data suggest that A. blazei could act as a functional food capable of promoting immunomodulation which can account for the destruction of cells with DNA alterations that correlate with the development of cancer, since this mushroom was demonstrated to have a preventive effect against pre-neoplastic colorectal lesions evaluated by the aberrant crypt foci assay. According to these results and the literature, it is believed that supplementation with A. blazei can be an efficient method for the prevention of cancer as well as possibly being an important coadjuvant treatment in chemotherapy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of tetracycline residues in pasteurised cow's milk using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV/VIS detection to determine the exposure of Brazilian's population to antibiotic residues. One hundred samples collected from the State of Paraná, Brazil, were analysed. Three of these samples were contaminated at the following concentrations: 121.8 µg·kg(-1) for oxytetracycline, 93.5 µg·kg(-1) for tetracycline and 134.6 µg·kg(-1) for chlortetracycline (61.6 µg·kg(-1)) and doxycycline (73.0 µg·kg(-1)). The median tetracycline residue concentration found in the samples was 42.3 µg·kg(-1), and the estimated daily intake (EDI) was 0.05 µg Kg(-1) bw day(-1) in Brazil. These results demonstrate that the occurrence of tetracycline in Brazilian milk was low (3%) and only for 2% above the maximum residue limit, so the risk to the population from the presence of these residues in milk was low (<1% of the acceptable daily intake).

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in dairy cattle without complying with the waiting period results in residual contamination, whose effective control in produced milk requires validated methods to ensure analytical results. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate the HPLC-UV/VIS method at 365 nm for analyzing the tetracycline in pasteurized cow milk in accordance with the European Community (2002/657/EC). Spiked milk with analytes (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, and chlortetracycline) was submitted to deproteinization and cleaning by a C 18 solid-phase column and analyzed by HPLC using a gradient system with 0.01 mol L −1 oxalic acid-acetonitrile-triethylamine (90:9.9:0.1) and acetonitrile on a reverse phase (C 18 ) column. Accuracy and precision were assessed by adding analytes to levels of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times the permissible maximum limit allowed in Brazil. The method presented selectivity with a decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) ranging from 114.2 to 143.7 and from 129.3 to 188.7 µg kg −1 , respectively. The recovery of tetracyclines was higher than 82.5% with a precision of 7.1%, demonstrating the efficiency in determining tetracycline residues in cow milk. Key words: In-house validation. Tetracycline residues. High-performance liquid chromatography. Cow milk. Toxicological analysis. ResumoO uso indiscriminado de antibiótico em gado leiteiro, sem cumprimento do período de carência, resulta em contaminação residual, cujo controle efetivo no leite produzido requer métodos validados que garantam os resultados analíticos. O estudo visou otimizar e validar o método de CLAE-UV/VIS a 365 nm para análise de tetraciclina em leite bovino pasteurizado em conformidade com a Comunidade Europeia (2002/657/EC). O leite fortificado com analitos (oxitetraciclina, tetraciclina, doxiciclina e clortetraciclina) foi submetido à extração por desproteinização e limpeza por coluna de fase sólida C 18 e submetido à análise por CLAE empregando sistema gradiente com 0,01 mol L-1 de ácido oxálico-acetonitrila-trietilamina (90:9,9:0,1) e acetonitrila, em coluna de fase reversa (C 18 ). A exatidão e precisão foram avaliadas adicionando o analitos em níveis de 0,5, 1 e 1,5 vezes o limite máximo permitido no Brasil. O método apresentou seletividade com limite de decisão (CCα) e capacidade de detecção (CCβ)

Resumo O camu-camu é conhecido pelo seu alto teor de vitamina C e compostos bioativos, porém, o consumo desse fruto é limitado devido ao seu sabor ácido e adstringente. Estudos que possam caracterizar o camu-camu são relevantes, pois podem fornecer informações úteis para um melhor aproveitamento tecnológico desse fruto pela indústria. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a polpa do camu-camu quanto ao seu padrão de identidade e qualidade. Para isso foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, ensaios de capacidade antioxidante e redutora e compostos fenólicos. O camu-camu apresentou umidade de 92,77 g/100g, vitamina C de 2,24 g/100g e capacidade redutora de 2,60 g EAG/100g. O pH foi de 2,93 e o teor de açúcares totais de 8,00 g/100g. Os compostos fenólicos presentes no camu-camu foram ácido nicotínico, ácido gálico, ácido protocatecuico, teobromina, epigalocatequina, ácido hidroxibenzóico, catequina, ácido clorogênico, cafeína, epicatequina, ácido p-cumárico, ácido sinápico, quercetina, rutina, miricetina e kaempferol. A capacidade antioxidante para os métodos avaliados por DPPH, ABTS e FRAP foram de 57,30 µmol trolox/g, 167,36 µmol trolox/g e 1133,03 µmol Fe 2 SO4/g, respectivamente. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se inferir que o camu-camu tem potencial para uso na indústria de alimentos como importante fonte de compostos bioativos.