The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. IntroductionResearch into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

No abstract

The relationship between orthography, phonology and morphology varies with different languages and writing systems. These relationships are by no means random. They follow rules, albeit with exceptions, even for relatively irregular languages like English. In this paper, we present the PolyOrth approach to representing these relationships, which definines orthographic forms in terms of their phonological and morphological correspondences within inheritance lexicons. The approach involves defining Finite State Transducers (FSTs), but in a much more subtle way than traditional speech-to-text or text-to-speech transducers. We define FSTs to provide phoneme to grapheme mappings for onsets, peaks and codas, as well as a grapheme to grapheme FST which defines spelling rules. We demonstrate the approach applied to English, Dutch and German. These three languages are interesting because they share many features of all three levels (orthography, morphology and phonology) whilst also demonstrating significant differences. This allows us to illustrate not only a range of different orthography/ phonology/ morphology relationships within languages but also the possibility of sharing information about such mappings across languages.

English bed This paper describes a framework for multilingual /bEd/ inheritance-based lexical representation which alrib lows sharing of information across languages at /rib/ all levels of linguistic description. The paper fohand cuses on phonology. It explores the possibility /h{nd/ of establishing a phoneme inventory for a group cat of languages in which language-specific phonemes /k{t/ function as "allophones" of newly defined rectaphonemes. Dutch, English, and German were taken as a test bed and their vowel phoneme inventories were studied. The results of the cross-linguistic analysis are presented in this paper. The paper concludes by showing how these metaphonelnes can be incorporated in a multilingual lexicon.

This paper describes the functional design of an interface for an online scholarly dictionary of contemporary standard Dutch, the ANW. One of the main innovations of the ANW is a twofold meaning description: definitions are accompanied by 'semagrams'. In this paper we focus on the strategies that are available for accessing information in the dictionary and the role semagrams play in the dictionary practice.

Cross-linguistic phoneme correspondences, or metaphonemes 1 , can be defined across languages which are relatively closely related in exactly the same way as correspondences can be defined for dialects, or accents, of a single language (e.g. O'Connor, 1973; Fitt, 2001). In this paper we present the theory of metaphonemes, comparing them with traditional archi-and morphophonemes as well as with similar work using "keysymbols" done for accents of English. We describe the metaphoneme inventory defined for Dutch, English and German, comparing the results for vowels and consonants. We also describe some of the unexpected information that arose from the analysis of cognate forms we undertook to find the metaphoneme correspondences.

Een nieuwe wetenschappelijke grammatica voor het Nederlands en het Fries (en het Afrikaans) Abstract Taalportaal. A new scientific grammar of Dutch and Frisian (and Afrikaans)We describe the Taalportaal, a new comprehensive on-line scientific grammar of Dutch and Frisian.

Despite the unquestionable academic interest on corpus-based approaches to language education, the use of corpora by teachers in their everyday practice is still not very widespread. One way to promote usage of corpora in language teaching is by making pedagogically appropriate corpora, labelled with different types of problems (for instance, sensitive content, offensive language, structural problems), so that teachers can select authentic examples according to their needs. Because manually labelling corpora is extremely time-consuming, we propose to use crowdsourcing for this task. After a first exploratory phase, we are currently developing a multimode, multilanguage game in which players first identify problematic sentences and then classify them.