Attractive as might seem the challenge to build a process or performance model that can account for every behavioural decision, there are a number of sound reasons to tackle first the still difficult (but hopefully manageable) task of developing a competence model ; of trying to find the underlying system that informs and constrains (if it doesn't always actually govern) choice.(Spolsky  : )This article aims at showing the predictability of phonological adaptation, segment preservation and deletion in borrowings. It is shown that ill-formed segments are preserved and adapted in the vast majority of cases ; segment deletion occurs only when an ill-formed segment is embedded within a higher level ill-formed structure, such as the syllable. This conclusion is based on the study of , segmental and syllabic malformations found in , loanword forms from five different corpora [] We are indebted to Peter Avery, Outi Bat-el, Rene! e Be! land, for illuminating comments and\or useful discussions. We would like to offer special thanks to Sharon Inkelas for very detailed written comments and stimulating discussions. We are also grateful to the audience at the MOT Conference on Contrast in Phonology, held at the University of Toronto in February , notably to Elan Dresher, . This paper has also benefited from the comments from three JL referees. Finally, we wish to express our gratitude to our research assistants, especially Robert Neely, Yvan Rose, Caroline Lebel and Eliane Lebel for stimulating comments and questions, and our informants for their patience. We remain solely responsible for the views expressed here as well as for any remaining errors or omissions. C. Paradis acknowledges SSHRC grants T -- and T -- and FCAR grants T -NC- and -ER-, from which D. LaCharite! has also benefited. D. LaCharite! acknowledges SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellowship T --.     ! of loanwords. The analysis, which is set within the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies, is illustrated with the data from a corpus of  French loanwords in Fula. I This article is concerned with the phonological adaptation of borrowings in general, and French borrowings in Fula in particular. Often, loanwords enter the borrowing language (L) with structures (that is, segments and sequences) that are, from the point of view of L, ill-formed. We maintain that such structures are repaired minimally (a notion formally defined in section , by universal phonological operations that are triggered by the constraints of L. This produces the sound adaptations in loanwords that we observe on the surface. We show also that the segmental information contained in borrowings is maximally preserved, a result of the Preservation Principle, which is formalised in section . Segments are deleted, as opposed to adapted, only when adaptation would exceed the Threshold Principle, also presented in . Our results support the view that the loanword input to the phonology of L...

In this article, we argue that loanword adaptation is overwhelmingly phonological and that phonetic approximation plays a limited role in the sound changes that loanwords undergo. Explicit criteria are used to compare the predictions of the phonetic approximation and phonological stances against 12 large corpora of recent English and French loanwords in several different languages. We show that category proximity is overwhelmingly preferred over perceptual proximity and that typical L2 perception/interpretation errors are not reflected in the adaptations of the loanwords of this database. Borrowers accurately identify L2 sound categories, operating on the mental representation of an L2 sound, not directly on its surface phonetic form.

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We attempt to demonstrate that the substitution of a foreign segment in the borrowings of our database, which includes 14,350 segmental malformations from French and English loanwords in eight distinct languages, involves its replacement by a single native segment. This tendency is so strong in our database as to be virtually exceptionless, except where nasal vowels are concerned. These vowels are systematically adapted as an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant (VN), a process we call UNPACKING . We document this process and suggest that it results from the fact that contrastive nasal vowels are fundamentally biphonemic, that is they have two root nodes. The influence of orthography is refuted, and a number of apparent counterexamples where segments other than nasal vowels seem to unpack are reanalyzed in terms of independent native processes.

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This article is concerned with the internal structure of coronals. Although coronals are often considered the least marked consonants on the basis of frequency and acquisition, current models of feature geometry assign coronality no special status among places of articulation.1 In this paper, we argue that the structure of coronals differs from that of other consanats in that coronals lack a Place node altogether.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) widely available in public places. This may warrant determining whether cases of unintentional ocular exposure are increasing, especially in children.OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiologic trend of pediatric eye exposures to ABHS and to report the severity of the ocular lesions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSRetrospective case series conducted from April 1, 2020, to August 24, 2020. Cases were retrieved from the national database of the French Poison Control Centers (PCC) and from a pediatric ophthalmology referral hospital in Paris, France. Cases of ocular exposure to chemical agents in children younger than 18 years during the study period were reviewed. Cases of ABHS exposure were included.EXPOSURES The following data were collected: age, sex, circumstances of exposure, symptoms, size of the epithelial defect at first examination, time between the incident and re-epithelialization, and medical and/or surgical management. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESComparison of the number of eye exposures to ABHS in children between April to August 2020 and April to August 2019. RESULTSBetween April 1 and August 24, 2020, there were 7 times more pediatric cases of ABHS eye exposures reported in the PCC database compared with the same period in 2019 (9.9% of pediatric eye exposures in 2020 vs 1.3% in 2019; difference, 8.6%; 95% CI, 7.4-9.9; P < .001). The number of cases occurring in public places increased in 2020 (from 16.4% in May to 52.4% in August). Similarly, admissions to the eye hospital for ABHS exposure increased at the same period (16 children in 2020 including 10 boys; mean [SD] age, 3.5 [1.4] years vs 1 boy aged 16 months in 2019). Eight of them presented with a corneal and/or conjunctival ulcer, involving more than 50% of the corneal surface for 6 of them. Two cases required amniotic membrane transplant.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These data support the likelihood of an increasing number of unintentional ocular exposures to ABHS in the pediatric population. To maintain good public compliance with hand disinfection, these findings support that health authorities should ensure the safe use of these devices and warn the parents and caregivers about their potential danger for children.

Among 4,499 segmental malformations found in English loanwords in three large corpora of French, the laryngeal \h\ is the only segment that is never adapted, i.e. replaced by another segment. We suggest that the systematic deletion of \h\ in French follows from the fact that, phonologically, French, like Portuguese and Italian, does not employ the Pharyngeal node, the articulator that characterises gutturals. This prevents English \h\ from being handled phonologically (deleted or substituted) in those languages. The non-availability of the Pharyngeal node also explains systematic deletion of the pharyngeal and laryngeal gutturals in Arabic loanwords in French. In contrast, English \h\ is adapted by languages employing the Pharyngeal node phonologically, such as Spanish, Bulgarian, Catalan, Mandarin Chinese, Greek and Russian. Likewise, the availability of the Pharyngeal node in Fula and English allows the adaptation of Arabic pharyngeal and laryngeal gutturals in Fula, and non-glottal gutturals in English.* We would like to thank the editors of Phonology and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments in connection with the preparation of this article. We also benefited from the comments and questions of Ahmed Alioua, Jacques Durand, Ali Idrissi, Michael Kenstowicz, Pierre Martin, Jean-Franc: ois Prunet and Charles Ulrich on previous versions of this article. Ahmed Alioua, a phonetician from Safi (Morocco), and Nadir Kerris, from Setif (Algeria), checked the Arabic pronunciation of our Arabic loans in French, while Abdulhamid H. Gadoua, a PhD student in phonology who was born in Libya, verified the Arabic pronunciation of our Arabic loans in English. We are particularly indebted to Fre! de! rick Brault, one of our research assistants, for having collected the loanwords of the list appended to this article, checked them with native speaker consultants of European Spanish, Bulgarian, Catalan, Mandarin Chinese, Greek, Russian, Italian and Portuguese, and for having taped, transcribed and computerised them. F. Brault also presented with C. Paradis a preliminary French version of this article at the annual meeting of ACFAS in 1998, and published that version with C. Paradis and D. LaCharite! in 1999. We are also extremely grateful to Fatim El Fenne for her transcriptions of Moroccan and Classical Arabic, and for the time she devoted to the collection of Arabic borrowings in French. We are indebted to Abdourahmane Sakho for his help with the pronunciation of Arabic borrowings in Mauritanian Fula and to our colleagues Ferna4 o Perestrello and Alexander Sadetsky for their help with Portuguese and Russian, respectively. Thank you also to our MA student E; lyse Bolduc for having processed her English loans in Mexican Spanish earlier than expected in order to provide us with statistics rapidly. More generally, we would like to thank all of our consultants and research assistants for their precious collaboration, and the people who kindly answered our questions on the Linguist List. Naturally, we are solely responsible...