This study investigated the effects of silicon (Si) on the resistance of common bean plants to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The plants were grown in a nutrient solution containing 0 (control) or 2 mM Si (+Si) and both photosynthesis and antioxidative metabolism levels were evaluated. The Si concentrations in the leaf tissues of +Si plants increased by 33% in comparison to those of control plants. Anthracnose severity was reduced by 34% in +Si plants in comparison to control plants. The net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance to water vapor and transpiration rate values were significantly higher in +Si plants than in control plants. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) tended to be higher in +Si plants than in control plants. The hydrogen peroxide concentration was significantly lower in +Si plants than in control plants. In conclusion, the Si supply was associated with lower anthracnose severity and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, which in turn might be associated with better gas exchange in +Si plants. The impaired photosynthetic performance in +Si plants was associated with stomatal limitations, whereas in control plants those impairments likely reflected dysfunctions at the level of biochemical reactions involved in CO 2 fixation.
RESUMO -No período de agosto de 2009 a julho de 2010 foi desenvolvido um experimento em um pomar de pinheira (Annona squamosa L.), no município de Remígio, PB com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de macro e micronutrientes no tecido foliar das plantas em solo com esterco bovino e cama de frango. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três repetições e duas plantas por parcela, em esquema fatorial 2 × 5 × 2, referente a duas fontes de matéria orgânica de origem animal (esterco de bovino e cama de frango), cinco doses de matéria orgânica em volume (0,0; 3,5; 5,3; 7,1 e 8,9%) e duas épocas de avaliação das plantas aos 36 e 48 meses após o transplantio. As doses de matéria orgânica foram definidas com base no teor de matéria orgânica de cada fonte. Com exceção de magnésio e zinco, as fontes de matéria orgânica não diferiram estatisticamente sobre os teores dos demais nutrientes na matéria seca foliar das plantas. A maior acumulação de nutrientes na matéria seca das folhas da pinheira ocorreu na amplitude das doses entre 6,01 e 8,65% de matéria orgânica. Palavras-chave: Fruta do conde. Esterco bovino. Cama de frango.ABSTRACT -From August 2009 to July 2010, an experiment was conducted in a sugar-apple orchard (Annona squamosa L.) in the town of Remigius PB, in order to evaluate the levels of macro and micronutrients and the leaf tissue of the plants in a soil treated with cattle manure and poultry litter. The treatments were distributed into randomized blocks, with plots split with time, three replications and two plants per plot, in a 2 × 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to two sources of organic matter of animal origin (cattle manure and poultry litter), five doses of organic material by volume (0.0, 3.5, 5.3, 7.1 and 8.9%), and two periods of plant evaluation, 36 and 48 months after transplanting. The doses of organic material were set based on the organic-matter content of each source. With the exception of magnesium and zinc, the organic-matter sources did not differ statistically from the levels of other nutrients in the leaf dry-matter of the plants. The greatest accumulation of nutrients in the leaf dry-matter of the sugar apple was in the dosage-range of between 6.01 and 8.65% of organic matter.
Given the search for answers that improve soybean plant development, this study aimed to analyze the multivariate explanation about the establishment of the initial soybean growth pattern through seed treatment. The study was conducted at Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira Sales Experimental Farm, in the municipality of Mineiros-GO. The soil of the experimental area was classified as NEOSSOLO Quartzarenico. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial 10x5 corresponding to 10 soybean genotypes (Flecha, Bonus, TEC7548, M7739, 36B31, W791, M7198, M6210, Power and 48B32) and 5 seed treatments (Water, Sprint-Alga, Booster, Acorda and Stimulate), in 4 repetitions. The obtained data was submitted to the assumptions of the statistical model, verifying the normality and homogeneity of the residual variances, as well as the additivity of the model. Afterwards, the analysis of variance was performed in order to identify the interaction between soybean genotypes x seed treatment, applying uni and multivariate tests. The summary analysis of variance revealed significant interaction between cultivar x seed treatment. The seed treatment influenced the morphological components of soybean seedlings, showing their correlation with the fresh aerial and root mass, as well as different patterns that were observed according to the genetic variation.
There is a lack of information regarding variables that regulate the expression of the yield potential of maize. We studied yield components of maize under different arrangements on field, in the southwest region of the state of Goiás, Brazil. The soil of the experimental area is classified as Typic Orthotic. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 9x2 factorial scheme, with nine maize hybrids [30F53, 30F35, P3630, P3898, P3779, AG7098, DKB 310, CD 3612 and SHS 7990] and two spatial arrangements (single rows (45x45 cm) and twin rows (45x90x45 cm), with four replicates. The seeding was made with a one row sowing machine, and soil fertilizing carried out according to technical recommendations. Pest and weed control was employed when required, using an integrated management. The results were submitted to variance analysis, using a means comparison by Scott-Knot test and by multivariate models. The results of the interactions of maize hybrids and spatial arrangements were significant for all the variables with exception of the foliar area index. There were differences in correlations between the variables, with distinct canonical correlations and cultivar groupings. The maize hybrids DKB310 and P3839 stood out, ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 20 (1): gmr18425 L.L. Ferreira et al. 2 showing satisfactory yield in both spatial arrangements. The modeling of spatial arrangements influenced the behavior of maize hybrids, especially DKB310 and P3898, which showed satisfactory yields in both spatial arrangements.
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