Efeito da Alimentação Sobre o Desenvolvimento e a Reprodução de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)RESUMO -O efeito de seis dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) foi avaliado em laboratório, a 23 ± 1ºC de temperatura, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotofase de 16h. As larvas foram criadas sobre três tipos de dietas (folhas de primavera, folhas de verão e frutos) de duas plantas hospedeiras (macieira e videira). O desenvolvimento larval, número de ínstares, sobrevivência, peso de pupas, fecundidade e fertilidade variaram em função das dietas. Em folhas de macieira de primavera foram observados a menor duração do desenvolvimento larval, o maior peso de pupas e a maior fecundidade e fertilidade dos adultos. Em frutos, a duração do desenvolvimento larval foi maior do que em folhas. A menor sobrevivência das lagartas foi registrada sobre frutos de macieira. Nos tratamentos com maior número de ínstares as lagartas geralmente apresentaram um incremento na duração do período de desenvolvimento. A duração do desenvolvimento larval (4 em 6 tratamentos) e de pupa (5 em 6 tratamentos) foram dependentes do sexo. Em todas as dietas as fêmeas depositaram maior número de ovos no primeiro dia de oviposição. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a hipótese de que as larvas de A. sphaleropa alimentam-se inicialmente sobre folhas tanto na maçã como na videira, passando depois para os frutos, onde provocam danos severos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, lagarta-enroladeira, planta hospedeira, biologia ABSTRACT -The effect of six natural diets on the development and reproduction of Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) was measured under laboratory conditions, at 23 ±1ºC temperature, 70 ± 10% RH, and photoperiod of 16L:8D. Larvae were reared on three types of diet (spring leaves, summer leaves and fruits) from two different host plants (apple tree and grapevine). Larval development, number of instars, survival, weight of pupae, fecundity, and fertility varied as a function of diets. The shortest time span of larval development, the greatest pupal weight, and the greatest adult fecundity and fertility was observed on insects feeding on spring apple leaves. The duration of larval development was longer on fruits than on leaves. The lowest larval survival occurred on apple fruits. Larvae with a higher number of instars generally had an increase in the time span of larval development. Larval development time span (4 out of 6 treatments) as well as pupal development time span (5 out of 6 treatments) was sex dependant. On all diets the females deposited the highest number of eggs on the first day of oviposition. The results obtained reinforce the hypothesis that the larvae of A. sphaleropa first feed on both apple and grapevine leaves, and then move to the fruits, where they cause serious damage.

Biologia de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em Sete Dietas Naturais RESUMO-Foi avaliado, em laboratório, o efeito de sete dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick). Os experimentos foram conduzidos a 23 ±1ºC de temperatura, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotoperíodo de 16:8h (L:E). As larvas foram criadas em macieira, videira e madresilva (Lonicera japonica). Para os dois primeiros alimentos foram utilizados três tipos de dietas: folhas de primavera, folhas de verão e frutos. O número de ínstares larvais variou entre cinco e sete. As larvas criadas em folhas de macieira apresentaram, de modo geral, menor número de ínstares, quando comparadas com aquelas criadas em folhas de videira e madresilva. A duração do desenvolvimento larval diferiu entre dietas. As larvas criadas em folhas de macieira-primavera apresentaram a menor duração e as criadas em frutos a maior duração. A sobrevivência de larvas foi menor em frutos que em folhas, principalmente em maçã (17,8%). As pupas fêmeas criadas em madresilva foram mais pesadas que as criadas nas demais dietas. O ciclo de ovo a emergência de adultos variou entre 41 dias em folhas de macieira-primavera e 60 dias em maçã. As fêmeas criadas em madresilva e folhas de macieira-primavera foram as mais fecundas, sendo que aquelas provenientes de maçã não ovipositaram. Madresilva e folhas de primavera foram os alimentos mais adequados; em contraposição, as maçãs foram a dieta menos adequada, o que sugere que dificilmente as larvas possam completar o ciclo sobre esse alimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, lagarta-enroladeira, dieta, planta hospedeira, fase imatura, biologia reprodutiva ABSTRACT-The effect of seven natural diets on the development and reproduction of Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out at the temperature of 23 ± 1ºC, with 70 ± 10% of RH and a photoperiod of 16:8h (L:D). The larvae were reared on apple, grapevine and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). On the first two foods three types of diet were used: spring leaves, summer leaves and fruits. The number of instars varied from five to seven. The larvae reared on apple leaves had, in general, fewer instars than those reared on grapevine and honeysuckle leaves. The duration of larval development differed between diets. The larvae reared on spring apple leaves showed the shortest duration, and those on fruit the longest. The larvae survival was lower on fruit than on leaves, and on apples it was particularly low (17.8%). The female pupae reared on honeysuckle were heavier than those reared on the other diets. The cycle from the egg to the emergence of adults varied between 41 days on spring apple leaves and 60 days on apples. The females reared on honeysuckle and spring apple leaves were the most fecund, whereas the females on apples did not oviposit. Honeysuckle and spring leaves were the most suitable foods. Apples, on the other hand, were the least suitable diet, which leads one to think that larvae c...

Grapevine phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) is a worldwide pest of Vitis species. It has forms that feed on leaves and roots. Root forms predominate on Vitis vinifera (L.) cultivars, while leaf forms predominate on Vitis species from its native American range. Recently, high densities of D. vitifoliae infestations in leaves of V. vinifera in Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay have been reported. The aims of this study were to determine the seasonal development of grape phylloxera, quantify infestation levels on V. vinifera leaves, and compare them with infestation levels on leaves of a rootstock of American origin. Studies were conducted in two vineyards in Uruguay from 2004–2007. Terminal shoots of 3309 C and Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Tannat, Viognier, grafted onto resistant rootstock, were sampled weekly and leaves examined for gall presence and insect life stage. First galls were detected in early October; eggs began to appear within two weeks. Two oviposition peaks occurred by the end of December, and they coincided with bursts of shoot growth. On 3309C rootstock, oviposition peaks were more frequent than on the European cultivars. Based on thermal accumulation, D. vitifoliae could complete eight generations a year in Uruguay. Rootstock 3309C suffered the greatest damage but in some cases was similar to the European cultivars. Damage to Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Viognier were also high. There were no galls on Tannat. The 2005–2006 season was characterized by low infestation rates caused by a prolonged drought that affected vegetative growth. There were also differences between vineyards, where the vigorous plants suffering more damage. Leaf galling phylloxera incidence and damage were mainly associated to the cultivar but plant vigor and environmental factors also contributed to increase the incidence.

Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) has been known in Uruguay for 30 years and only in vineyards, despite being polyphagous. In recent years, this pest has caused sporadic but serious damage on some grapevine cultivars. Understanding the insect’s phenology and developing a monitoring program are essential aspects of integrated pest management. We monitored males using sexual pheromone traps on four cultivars of vine, Pinot noir, Tannat, Gewürztraminer, and Cabernet Sauvignon, in two vine-growing establishments in the Department of Canelones and compiled data on the accumulated effective temperatures for the southern area of Uruguay. We determined that this species undergoes three generations per year and overwinters without diapause as larvae on dried grapes remaining after harvest. Using the proportion of cumulative male moths caught from December to May from 2003–2007 on the four cultivars and the sum of effective temperatures above two previously-published lower-threshold temperatures for development, 12.26°C and 13°C, statistically significant logistic models were estimated. Predictions based on the resulting models suggested that they would be acceptable tools to improve the efficiency of integrated management of this pest in Uruguay.

Morfología y Biología de Porphyrosela minuta Clarke 1953 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae) en Uruguay RESUMEN -Porphyrosela minuta Clarke es un gracilárido que causa daños sobre trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) en Uruguay. En este artículo, son descriptos huevo, todos los instares larvarios y pupa. Características morfológicas externas del adulto son igualmente incluidas. Se aporta información sobre la biología en condiciones de laboratorio y campo. Los huevos son depositados simples sobre la epidermis superior de los foliolos. Las larvas forman grandes minas a modo de manchas blancas. La larva pasa por cinco estadios sin permanecer expuesta durante su desarrollo. A 25ºC el ciclo de vida requirió de 16,2 días en completarse, correspondiendo 3,0 a huevos, 8,8 a larva y 4,4 a pupa. Las hembras iniciaron la puesta la primera noche y durante un periodo de oviposición que osciló entre cinco y 12 días depositaron en promedio 71,8 huevos. Es una especie multivoltina que desarrolla de siete a nueve generaciones de noviembre a fines de marzo. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Insecta, minador de hojas, descripción, desarrollo, reproducciónABSTRACT -Porphyrosela minuta Clarke is a gracillariid that causes damage on white clover (Trifolium repens) in Uruguay. In this article, the eggs, all the larval instars, the pupa and the external morphological characteristics of the adult are described. Information about the insect's biology under laboratory and field conditions is presented. The eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of the leaflets. The larvae make extensive mines that appear as white blotches. The larvae develop through five instars and do not remain exposed during their development. At 25ºC the life cycle lasted 16.2 days, made up of 3.0 for eggs, 8.8 for larvae and 4.4 for pupae. Females began laying on the first night, and during an oviposition period that varied between five and 12 days deposited an average of 71.8 eggs. It is a multivoltine species and seven to nine generations occur between November and the end of March.

Brassolis astyra Godart is reported for the first time in three localities of Uruguay. This species is found on different native and exotic palm trees causing severe damage.

La biología de Mallocephala deserticola Berg fue estudiada en condiciones de laboratorio a 25±1ºC, 75±10% HR y 16 hs de luz. Las hembras iniciaron la oviposición dentro de las 24 hs después de su emergencia, depositando la mayoría de los huevos en las primeras 36 hs. Las puestas fueron en masas y cada hembra depositó en promedio 457 huevos. El 23,1% de las hembras no ovipusieron o si lo hicieron los huevos resultaron infértiles. Las hembras vírgenes pusieron menor cantidad de huevos y tardaron más en iniciar la puesta. La proporción de hembras y machos fue de 1,7:1. Los adultos, que son dimórficos y no se alimentan, vivieron 6,5 días. El período de incubación de los huevos fue de 6,9 días y su viabilidad de 89,7%. La duración del desarrollo de las larvas varió de 33,1 a 41,1 días según pasaran por seis o siete estadios. En el primer estadio larval no se observó mortalidad y en ausencia de alimento las larvas vivieron 8 días. La viabilidad larval fue del 94,5%. La duración del período prepupal fue de 2 días y la viabilidad del 98,2%. Las pupas mostraron un marcado dimorfismo sexual. El período pupal duró 11,4 y 8,0 días para machos y hembras respectivamente; y la viabilidad alcanzó al 97,2%. El tiempo de desarrollo de huevo a emergencia del adulto varío de 52,0 a 59,8 días según el número de estadios larvales.