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The 1960s saw the beginning of an effort to improve professional standards in Brazilian academia through cooperation with a few North American institutions, in the context of an important and controversial set of agreements between the Brazilian Ministry of Education (MEC) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In the case of economics, the Ford Foundation was especially relevant, providing substantial funding for the creation of the first graduate programs in the field in Brazil. An important moment in this process took place in 1973 with the creation of ANPEC, an association of graduate programs in economics whose purpose was to organize and stimulate institutional interaction among its members. ANPEC is still today the most important association for academic economics in Brazil, exercising leadership through both its annual meetings and a national unified exam for admission in graduate programs in the field. The paper explores archival material from the period 1964-74 held at the Ford Foundation, which illuminates both the interaction between representatives of the Foundation and of different Brazilian academic institutions, and the strategy pursued by the former in order to develop the economics profession in the country. We thus seek to contribute to a better understanding of the conflicting motivations that lay behind the creation of ANPEC, and of the effects that the association would have on the emerging graduate programs in Brazil.

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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen was a ‘travelling economist’ in a double sense: after emigrating from Romania in the late 1940s, he became involved with the economic problems of the developing world through his engagement in Vanderbilt University’s Graduate Program in Economic Development. One of his missions brought him multiple times to Brazil between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, leading to an article on the complicated dynamics between inflation and economic growth in developing countries – his sole incursion into the field of monetary economics. In this paper, we will set Georgescu-Roegen’s contribution against the background of the lively debates about inflation taking place in Brazil during the 1960s. Relatedly, we will show how he anticipated important aspects of later arguments about the perverse distributive effects of inflation. Finally, we will discuss why Georgescu-Roegen’s arguments had only limited influence, despite his prestige and connections within the Brazilian community of economists.

Utilizando a inexplorada herança documental de duas unidades fiscais da província de São Paulo, o registro de Rio Negro e a barreira de Itapetininga, este trabalho analisa a estrutura do sistema de comercialização de animais de carga - muares e cavalares - estabelecido entre as regiões sul e centro-sul do Brasil imperial. A análise cobre o período 1830-1869 e abrange diversos aspectos. Inicialmente, apresentamos as séries de volumes negociados compiladas, colocando-as em perspectiva com outras evidências estatísticas disponíveis. Passamos, então, a nos ocupar com a estrutura das tropas negociadas e com a distribuição de sua propriedade, atentando para a participação relativa de cada espécie de animal e para os níveis de concentração presentes no negócio. Finalmente, analisamos de forma sucinta os padrões de distribuição espacial das atividades relacionadas ao comércio de tropas, assim como as inter-relações entre os partícipes e as diversas possibilidades de inserção associadas a este complexo sistema de abastecimento.
Using the unexplored documental inheritage from two of São Paulo’s province tax outposts, Rio Negro and Itapetininga, this work analyses the structure of the commercializing system for cargo animals - mules and horses - established between imperial Brazil’s southern and south-central regions. The analysis covers the period from 1830 to 1869 and captures several aspects. Initially, we present the statistical series compiled with respect to negotiated volumes, putting them in perspective with other available statistical evidences. We then proceed by studying the negotiated herds’ structure and their property distribution, carefully examining the share of both animal species in the whole market and the concentration levels verified in the business. Finally, we briefly examine the patterns of spatial distribution for the business correlated activities, as well as the interrelations among participants and the different possible ways of integration in this complex system

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