1º O Schizotrypanum cruzi apresenta, no organismo do conorrino, duas modalidades de desenvolvimento, reprezentando a primeira simples cultura do parazito; a outra, provavelmente precedida de fenomenos sexuais não surpreendidos, será, talvez, o ciclo evolutivo, eficaz na transmissão entre os vertebrados. 2º O Conorhinus é um verdadeiro hospede intermediario do Schizotrypanum, cujo ciclo é realizado num prazo minimo de 8 dias. 3º Os flajelados, com tipo de critidias encontrados nos conorrinos em liberdade, podem reprezentar estádios culturais do Schizotrypanum ou serão parazitos excluzivos do inséto. 4º A ocurrencia do ciclo evolutivo sexuado, no organismo do conorrino, depende de condição não explicada, dos flajelados no sangue dos vertebrados. Ao terminar, cumprimos o grato dever de afirmar o maior reconhecimento ao nosso mestre e Diretor Dr. Gonçalves Cruz, a cuja orientação devemos o rezultado destas pesquizas. Somos ainda profundamente grato aos nosso mestres, Professores S. von PROWAZEK e M. HARTMANN, de quem recebemos os melhores ensinamentos para concluzão deste trabalho. Tambem somos em extremo obrigado ao Dr. ADOLPHO LUTZ, cujo auxilio nos foi do mais alto proveito. Tivemos sempre, como esforçado companheiro de trabalho na zona infestada pela nova especie morbida, o Dr. BELISARIO PENNA, a quem devemos os inestimaveis proveitos de um auxilio eficaz.
The initial observations linking vitamin D to type 2 diabetes in humans came from studies showing that both healthy and diabetic subjects had a seasonal variation of glycemic control. Currently, there is evidence supporting that vitamin D status is important to regulate some pathways related to type 2 diabetes development. Since the activation of inflammatory pathways interferes with normal metabolism and disrupts proper insulin signaling, it is hypothesized that vitamin D could influence glucose homeostasis by modulating inflammatory response. Human studies investigating the impact of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers of subjects with or at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes are scarce and have generated conflicting results. Based on available clinical and epidemiological data, the positive effects of vitamin D seem to be primarily related to its action on insulin secretion and sensitivity and secondary to its action on inflammation. Future studies specifically designed to investigate the role of vitamin D on type 2 diabetes using inflammation as the main outcome are urgently needed in order to provide a more robust link between vitamin D, inflammation and type 2 diabetes.
Thyroid hormone (T3) induces in vitro differentiation of astrocytes from the developing rat brain. T3 treatment induced the appearance of long processes in cultured cerebral hemisphere and mesencephalon astrocytes from embryonic and newborn rats. T3 treatment also produced a change in the morphology of cultured cerebellar astrocytes from 10-day-old rats, but not in cerebellar astrocytes from newborn rats. An increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was also seen in the T3-treated newborn cerebral hemisphere and mesencephalic astrocytes. The morphological changes were induced earlier when the astrocytes were treated with conditioned medium (CM) obtained from cultures previously exposed to T3. Our results show that astrocytes from the developing rat brain are not homogeneous in their responsiveness to T3. Furthermore, the fact that CM produces a response similar to that obtained with T3 treatment but in less time, suggests that T3 might induce the secretion of factors by cultured astrocytes. These factors might, by an autocrine/paracrine effect, induce the expression of GFAP and differentiation in developing brain astrocytes.
The absence of the mental foramen was investigated in 1,435 dry human mandibles (2,870 sides). The foramen was absent twice in the right side (0.06%) and once in the left side (0.03%). The meaning of this anatomical variation was commented.
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