Regular physical training leads to physical capacity and optimal sports performance, and although this relationship is usually linear, the athlete's adaptation is conditioned by multiple factors: environmental, genetic and psychological. Studies have shown that between 70 and 85% of successful and unsuccessful athletes can be identiied using psychological measures of personality and mood, a level higher than chance, but insuicient for the purpose of selecting athletes. The research indicates that the mood of the athletes exhibits a dose-response relationship with their adaptation to the training load; This inding has shown potential to reduce the incidence of overtraining syndrome in athletes who undergo rigorous physical training, through early detection using scales of perception of their mood and physiological measures such as the testosterone / cortisol index. Thus, the genetic and epigenetic modiications of the factors that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and, therefore, the response to stress, have recently been associated with a detrimental efect on physical performance and early manifestations of the overtraining syndrome and the abandonment of training and competences.
Introduction: Determining the body composition and somatotype in sport talents provides a useful reference to improve the trajectory toward high-level competition. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the body composition and somatotype by discipline of children and adolescents of both genders in the sport talent development program at the Regional Training Center. Material and method: Seventy-two subjects participated (29 females, 15.9 ± 2.0 years; 43 males, 15.9 ± 2.3 years) from the disciplines of athletics, cycling, judo, karate, and table tennis. a) Baseline measurements: weight, height, and body mass index (BMI); b) Body masses by fractioning into five components (in %): muscle, fat, bone, residual and skin, using Kerr’s method and c) Somatotype, according to the model proposed by Heath and Carter were performed. Results: Females have a higher percentage of fat mass than males. Exactly the opposite occurs with muscle mass, where males present a higher percentage than females, with the exception of table tennis. Regarding residual mass, males present higher values in all the disciplines. The males were classified as endo-mesomorphs, except for those in athletics, who were classified as ecto-mesomorphs, while the females from athletics and table tennis were classified as central, those from cycling and judo as endomorph–mesomorphs, and those from karate as meso-endomorphs. Conclusion: Through a two-dimensional contrast of the somatotype of CER athletes and that of adult athletes at the High Performance Center in Chile, it was determined that both groups are different, indicating that CER athletes do not yet meet the structural requirements necessary for a trajectory to high-level competition, suggesting that training modifications be considered to get closer to the ideal somatotype.
Introducción: Las características antropométricas de los triatletas son consideradas un importante factor condicionante del rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar el perfil antropométrico de un grupo de triatletas amateur chilenos participantes de la prueba de medio Ironman de Pucón del año 2014 según categoría.
Material y Métodos:Fueron evaluados 37 triatletas varones con un promedio de edad de 29,0 años y un peso de 74,3kg. Se midieron 25 variables antropométricas. Se calculó la composición corporal en cinco componentes y el somatotipo. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para la caracterización de los triatletas amateur chilenos.Resultados: Los resultados del fraccionamiento muestran valores medios (desviación estándar) de masa adiposa 23,9% (3,5), masa muscular 48,0% (3,4), masa residual 11,6% (8,0), masa ósea 11,3% (1,3) y masa piel 5,2% (0,3). También se observan diferencias significativas en la masa piel entre las categorías ≤24 años y ≥35 años, y presencia de un menor porcentaje de masa adiposa y mayor masa muscular en el grupo 25-34 años. En el somatotipo se presenta una dominancia meso-endomorfica, con diferencias significativas en el componente endomórfico, mayor en ≥35 años, y ectomórfico, mayor en ≤24 años.Conclusiones: Las características morfológicas de los triatletas amateur chilenos no se asemejan a la de triatletas profesionales, observándose elevados porcentajes de masa adiposa, sumatoria de 6 pliegues y endomorfía; bajo nivel de masa muscular y ósea y del componente ectomórfico, lo cual pudiese afectar su rendimiento en este tipo de pruebas.
Debido a la predominancia de movimientos breves y explosivos, la larga duración de los torneos oficiales, y lasdiferencias reglamentarias, técnicas y tácticas de cada una de las armas, no existe una homogeneidad de criterios enreferencia a la contribución de los sistemas energéticos participantes en la esgrima. Determinar los niveles máximos delactato sanguíneo que producen esgrimistas durante una competencia oficial, y determinar si existen diferencias segúncada arma. Se realizó la medición de lactato a 24 esgrimistas adultos (ocho por cada una de las tres armas) luego definalizado los combates de la fase de octavos de final de una competencia oficial de carácter Nacional. Los valorespromedios obtenidos para las tres armas fueron de 2,62 mmol/lt. (espada: 2,46 mmol/lt; sable: 2,67 mmol/lt y florete:2,73 mmol/lt.), no existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las tres armas. Las concentracionesmáximas de lactato en la fase de octavos de final de una competencia oficial indican una escasa participación del sistemaanaeróbico láctico; además, el tipo de arma no influiría en las concentraciones de ácido láctico producidas en combate.Los resultados de este estudio sirven de herramienta para mejorar la aplicación de las cargas físicas y selección demétodos de entrenamiento, los que deben considerar la predominancia de los sistemas energéticos anaeróbico aláctico yaeróbico.
PurposePrior research has shown that running squats on unstable surfaces may be useful in increasing antagonist muscle
and body centre activity; nonetheless, the evidence for improved muscle strength-power is contradictory. In parallel, low-intensity strength training with partial blood flow restriction is effective in developing strength, hypertrophy, and muscular
endurance. Combining both modalities could complement the benefits of exercising on unstable surface. Our objective was
to compare the acute effects of 4 exercise types with or without partial blood flow restriction under stable and unstable
conditions.MethodsSeven volunteers performed 4 protocols: exercises with high-intensity overload and stable conditions, low-intensity
overload with blood flow restriction and stable conditions, unstable conditions without blood flow restriction, and unstable conditions with blood flow restriction. At the beginning, end, and recovery of each protocol, physiological variables were measured:
heart rate, subjective perception of effort, blood lactate, and posturographic variables (total distance with eyes open and closed).ResultsExercises with stable surfaces generated greater physiological stress than both exercises on unstable surfaces.
Furthermore, incorporating blood flow restriction into unstable exercise allowed an increase in the physiological demand
without altering postural balance. There were only significant changes in postural balance in the high-intensity protocol
with stable conditions.ConclusionsExercises combining partial blood flow restriction on stable and unstable surfaces increase the physiological demands without altering postural balance compared with high-intensity exercise on a stable surface.
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