Two new species ofAstyanax microschemos difere das demais espécies do gênero pela pequena altura do corpo de 26,9-29,7% no comprimento padrão, uma única mancha umeral verticalmente alongada, estendendose acima e abaixo da linha lateral, estreita largura inter-orbital, 26,9-30,4% no comprimento da cabeça e 14-18 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal. Astyanax pelecus difere das demais espécies do gênero pela presença de uma única mancha umeral situada dorsalmente à linha lateral, uma conspícua faixa escura lateral que vai desde o canto superior do opérculo até a base dos raios caudais, baixa altura do corpo (26,7-34,8% no comprimento padrão), 16-18 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal, 38 a 39 escamas da linha lateral, e quatro escamas entre a linha lateral e a origem da nadadeira pélvica. Astyanax microschemos possui a cabeça larga, focinho curto, geralmente menor que o diâmetro orbital, e com perfil abrupto, corpo baixo e mancha umeral verticalmente alongada, caracteres que permitem sua alocação no complexo de espécies A. scabripinnis. É fornecida uma sinopse comparativa das espécies que supostamente fazem parte deste complexo.

TAXONOMIC REVISION AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ROEBOIDES MICROLEPIS SPECIES-GROUP (OSTARIOPHYSI, CHARACIFORMES, CHARACIDAE). TheRoeboides microlepis species-group is revised. Four species are recognized: R. myersii Gill, 1870 from the Amazon basin, R. microlepis (Reinhardt, 1851) from river Paraguay, middle and lower river Paraná, R. araguaito sp. nov. from the river Orinoco basin, and R. margareteae sp. nov. known only from Rio Parnaíba and Pindaré-Mearim, northeastern Brazil. The type-locality of R. microlepis is restricted to river Paraguay; R. bonariensis (Steindachner, 1879) is considered a synonym of R. microlepis. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that R. myersii and R. araguaito are most parsimoniously related and may be a sister group. These two species are here considered as sister group of the monophyletic lineage which includes R. microlepis and R. margareteae. A key to the microlepis species-group genus Roeboides is given.

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The species of the Astyanax bimaculatus 'caudal peduncle spot' subgroup of the drainages of the rios La Plata and São Francisco, as well as southeastern coastal systems of Brazil and Uruguay, are revised. Two nominal species are considered valid and are redescribed: Astyanax lacustris and A. abramis. Astyanax jacuhiensis, A. asuncionensis and A. altiparanae are recognized as new junior synonyms of A. lacustris. Bertoniolus paraguayensisis recognized as a new junior synonym of A. abramis. The names Astyanax orbignyanus, A. vittatus, and A. borealis are considered species inquirendae. Notes on A. maculisquamis, included in the 'caudal peduncle spot' subgroup from rio Guaporé (rio Madeira drainage), and Astyanax bahiensis from Bahia, mistakenly considered of the same subgroup, are presented.

ABSTRACT. Taxonomic revision of the Roeboides affinis-group (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae). A taxonomic study of the species of Roeboides affinis-group is presented. Seven species are recognized: R. affinis (Günther, 1868)

Six species of Crenicichla, three of which are new, are recognized from the Atlantic coastal rivers of souhteastern Brazil from the state of Bahia south to the state of Rio Grande do Sul: C. mucuryna (upper rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais), C. lacustris (from the rio Paraíba do Sul north to the rio Buranhem, Bahia), C. iguapina, new species (rio Ribeira de Iguape), C. tingui, new species (from the rio Itapocu to the rio Nhundiaquara drainage), C. maculata, new species (lagoa dos Quadros, rio Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul to rio Itapocu, Santa Catarina drainages), and Crenicichla punctata (laguna dos Patos basin). Crenicichla biocellata is a synonym of C. lacustris; and also a secondary homonym of Sparus biocellatus, a synonym of C. saxatilis. Crenicichla dorsocellata is also a synonym of C. lacustris.
Seis espécies de Crenicichla, sendo três novas, são reconhecidas dos rios costeiros do sudeste brasileiro, desde o estado da Bahia para o sul, até o estado do Rio Grande do Sul: C. mucuryna (parte superior do rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais), C. lacustris (do rio Paraíba do Sul para o norte até o rio Buranhem, Bahia), C. iguapina, esp. nova (do rio Ribeira de Iguape), C. tingui, esp. nova (das drenagens do rio Itapocu, Santa Catarina ao rio Nhundiaquara, Paraná), C. maculata, esp. nova (lagoa dos Quadros, rio Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul ao rio Itapocu, Santa Catarina) e Crenicichla punctata (sistema da laguna dos Patos). Crenicichla biocellata e C. dorsocellata são consideradas sinônimos de C. lacustris. A primeira é também um homônimo secundário de Sparus biocellatus que por sua vez é sinônimo de Crenicichla saxatilis

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Three new species of Astyanax are described from southern Brazil: A. dissensus and A. xiru from the laguna dos Patos system and rio Uruguay basin, the first species also occurring in the rio Tramandaí system, and A. procerus from the laguna dos Patos system. Astyanax procerus and A. xiru possess outer row premaxillary teeth pentacuspid and inner row heptacuspid, maxillary with one tri- to pentacuspid teeth, 18-23 branched anal-fin rays, and two humeral spots. Astyanax procerus has the largest body depth (38.3-46.0% of SL), while A. xiru has the lowest body depth (32.5-37.5% of SL) among the three species. The characters combination can distinguish these species from its congeners. Astyanax dissensus distinguish from Astyanax species by the presence of one developed heptacuspid teeth on maxillary, 22-28 branched anal-fin rays, 35-39 perforated scales along the lateral line, two humeral spots, conspicuous lateral band continuous on middle caudal rays, 6-7 scale row between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, and head length 22.7-27.3% of SL. All three species has the predorsal region of the body scaled. An identification key to the species of Astyanax species from the rio Uruguay basin, and laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí systems is provided.