Background: The protective or pathogenic role of T lymphocytes during the acute phase of dengue virus (DENV) infection has not been fully understood despite its importance in immunity and vaccine development. Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the kinetics of T lymphocyte subsets during the clinical course of acute dengue patients. Study design: In this hospital-based cohort study, 59 eligible Vietnamese dengue patients were recruited and admitted. They were investigated and monitored for T cell subsets and a panel of clinical and laboratory parameters every day until discharged and at post-discharge from the hospital. Results: We described for the first time the kinetics of T cell response during the clinical course of DENV infection. Severe cases showed significantly lower levels of effector CD8 + T cells compared to mild cases at day −1 (p = 0.017) and day 0 (p = 0.033) of defervescence. After defervescence, these cell counts in severe cases increased rapidly to equalize with the levels of mild cases. Our results also showed a decline in total CD4 + T, Th1, Th1/17 cells during febrile phase of dengue patients compared to normal controls or convalescent phase. On the other hand, Th2 cells increased during DENV infection until convalescent phase. Cytokines such as interferon-γ, IL-12p70, IL-5, IL-23, IL-17A showed tendency to decrease on day 0 and 1 compared with convalescence and only IL-5 showed significance indicating the production during acute phase was not systemic.
Indochina is known as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, with populations of many endangered and/or endemic species dramatically declining due to a range of threats, such as illegal hunting, habitat destruction, and global climate change. Climate change is expected to alter the region's habitat and ecosystem conditions, force contraction of species ranges, and increase the likelihood of local extinctions. Maxent is a widely used modelling approach to predict the species' current potential distribution, project range shifts in response to climate change, and inform conservation planning. Here, we collated known records and built models for both present and future climatically suitable habitat of the Owston's Civet (Chrotogale owstoni), an endangered and poorly studied small carnivore occurring in Vietnam, eastern Laos, and a small part of southern China. Projections of climatically suitable habitat for the civet in most climate change scenarios and timeframes suggest significant habitat loss and fragmentation within its current range as a consequence of upward contraction. We recommend that future conservation efforts for C. owstoni focus on key refugia spreading along the Annamite Range in the border area between Vietnam and Laos. To mitigate climate-related extinction risk, close cooperation between Vietnam and Laos' governmental 3 agencies, research institutions, and non-governmental conservation organizations will play an important role in conserving the remaining habitat of this endangered species. Highlights• Terrestrial mammals have already been negatively affected by climate change at the global scale. However, the threat has not been evaluated for most species in Vietnam and neighbouring countries. • This study assesses the impacts of climate change on the endangered Owston's Civet by modelling its distribution under various climate change scenarios. Our results reveal significant habitat loss and fragmentation across the species distribution range, as it moves up to higher elevations in response to a warming climate. • Remarkably, the number of protected areas with climatically suitable habitat for the species are projected to decline from 21 currently (3 in Laos and 18 in Vietnam) to 13 (3 in Laos, 10 in Vietnam) in future climate change scenarios. • To better protect the species from this threat, future conservation efforts should focus on climatically stable areas situated along the border between Vietnam and Laos. Effective conservation measures to secure the climate refugia and reduce the current level of poaching and habitat loss would therefore require close cooperation between Vietnam and Laos.
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