Hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid are used to restore volume, hydration, and skin tone, as well as to correct scars, asymmetries or defects of the soft tissue. Hyaluronic acid is often chemically crosslinked with different crosslinking agents in order to improve its mechanical and biological properties. Here we focused on defining the chemical and mechanical characterization of a new hydrogel with specific characteristics: hyaluronic acid polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐crosslinked with a high concentration of hyaluronic acid (28 mg/mL), manufactured by MatexLab Spa, via Carlo Urbani 2, ang Via Enrico Fermi, Brindisi, Italy. We made a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the content of sodium hyaluronate in the hydrogel after polymerization and sterilization processes and also evaluated histologically the bio integration of these hydrogels in the cutaneous soft tissues. The results suggest that hyaluronic acid hydrogel PEG‐crosslinked have great bio integration, great chemical and mechanical properties, compared with other products available on the market, that are cross‐linked with different cross‐linking agents. The nontoxicity and nonimmunogenicity of PEG guarantee the lack of allergic and immunological reactions. The PEG‐crosslinking technology guarantees a high duration time of the implanted hydrogel because of more resistant physiological degradation.
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxin derived from the Clostridium botulinum bacterium that inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction level whose effects has been used for many years to treat a variety of muscular/neuromuscular conditions and more recently also for cosmetic use. BTX has experimented in some dermatological conditions, which include Rosacea and facial flushing treatment with good results. The complex mechanism underlying those results is not completely understood but was proposed a release inhibition of acetylcholine from peripheral autonomic nerves of the cutaneous vasodilatory system combined with the blockade substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) thus modulating blood vessel dilatation. We analysed the published data on BTX off label applications rosacea and flushing retrieved from PubMed.
BackgroundSevere dengue with severe plasma leakage (SD-SPL) is the most frequent of dengue severe form. Plasma biomarkers for early predictive diagnosis of SD-SPL are required in the primary clinics for the prevention of dengue death.MethodologyAmong 63 confirmed dengue pediatric patients recruited, hospital based longitudinal study detected six SD-SPL and ten dengue with warning sign (DWS). To identify the specific proteins increased or decreased in the SD-SPL plasma obtained 6–48 hours before the shock compared with the DWS, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology was performed using four patients each group. Validation was undertaken in 6 SD-SPL and 10 DWS patients.Principal findingsNineteen plasma proteins exhibited significantly different relative concentrations (p<0.05), with five over-expressed and fourteen under-expressed in SD-SPL compared with DWS. The individual protein was classified to either blood coagulation, vascular regulation, cellular transport-related processes or immune response. The immunoblot quantification showed angiotensinogen and antithrombin III significantly increased in SD-SPL whole plasma of early stage compared with DWS subjects. Even using this small number of samples, antithrombin III predicted SD-SPL before shock occurrence with accuracy.ConclusionProteins identified here may serve as candidate predictive markers to diagnose SD-SPL for timely clinical management. Since the number of subjects are small, so further studies are needed to confirm all these biomarkers.
Objectives Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, compromising gonorrhoea treatment, is a threat to reproductive health globally. South-East and East Asia have been major sources of emergence and subsequent international spread of AMR gonococcal strains during recent decades. We investigated gonococcal isolates from 2011 and 2015–16 in Vietnam using AMR testing, WGS and detection of AMR determinants. Methods Two hundred and twenty-nine gonococcal isolates cultured in 2015–16 (n = 121) and 2011 (n = 108) in Vietnam were examined. AMR testing was performed using Etest and WGS with Illumina MiSeq. Results Resistance among the 2015–16 isolates was as follows: ciprofloxacin, 100%; tetracycline, 79%; benzylpenicillin, 50%; cefixime, 15%; ceftriaxone, 1%; spectinomycin, 0%; and 5% were non-WT to azithromycin. Eighteen (15%) isolates were MDR. The MIC range for gentamicin was 2–8 mg/L. Among the 2015–16 isolates, 27% (n = 33) contained a mosaic penA allele, while no isolates had a mosaic penA allele in 2011. Phylogenomic analysis revealed introduction after 2011 of two mosaic penA-containing clones (penA-10.001 and penA-34.001), which were related to cefixime-resistant strains spreading in Japan and Europe, and a minor clade (eight isolates) relatively similar to the XDR strain WHO Q. Conclusions From 2011 to 2015–16, resistance in gonococci from Vietnam increased to all currently and previously used antimicrobials except ceftriaxone, spectinomycin and tetracycline. Two mosaic penA-containing clones were introduced after 2011, explaining the increased cefixime resistance. Significantly increased AMR surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship and use of WGS for molecular epidemiology and AMR prediction for gonococcal isolates in Vietnam and other Asian countries are crucial.
Summaryobjective To assess whether exposure to wastewater is a risk factor for dermatitis (eczema) among farmers engaged in peri-urban aquatic food production in Hanoi, Vietnam.methods A cross-sectional study with two follow-ups was conducted from April to December 2005 in two peri-urban communes in Hanoi, one using wastewater and another using river, rain and well water for aquatic food production. In each commune, 100 households were randomly selected and adult household members engaged in farming field work were interviewed in three surveys. Farmers who reported skin problems at the time of interviews were examined and treated by a dermatologist. Data were analysed for one farmer per household.results The overall prevalence of dermatitis from 592 interviews was 6.3%. The commune which used wastewater had a much higher overall prevalence of dermatitis (10.4%) than the commune that did not (2.1%; P-value < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that occupational wastewater contact was an important risk factor for dermatitis (odds ratio [OR] 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-7.7). Duration of daily wastewater contact was not significantly associated with dermatitis. Aquaculture work in the wet season carried an increased risk of dermatitis in both communes (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.02-7.6). The use of personal protective measures during field work and washing hands and feet after work did not reduce the risk for dermatitis. However, observations showed that these practices were applied in such a way that they were unlikely to provide effective protection against wastewater contact.conclusion Contact with wastewater is an important risk factor for dermatitis among farmers engaged in wastewater-fed peri-urban aquatic food production. Additional studies should test preventive and mitigating measures such as improved personal protection and hygiene.keywords dermatitis, wastewater use, risk factors, aquatic food production systems, Vietnam
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