Background: Nitro-oxidative stress (NOS) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The activity of the polymorphic antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is altered in diseases where NOS is involved. PON1 activity may be estimated using different substrates some of which are influenced by PON1 polymorphisms. Objectives: 1) to review the association between PON1 activities and psychiatric diseases using a standardized PON1 substrate terminology in order to offer a state-of-the-art review; and 2) to review the efficacy of different strategies (nutrition, drugs, lifestyle) to enhance PON1 activities. Methods: The PubMed database was searched using the terms paraoxonase 1 and psychiatric diseases. Moreover, the database was also searched for clinical trials investigating strategies to enhance PON1 activity. Results: The studies support decreased PON1 activity as determined using phenylacetate (i.e., arylesterase or AREase) as a substrate, in depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and schizophrenia, especially in antipsychotic-free patients. PON1 activity as determined with paraoxon (i.e., POase activity) yields more controversial results, which can be explained by the lack of adjustment for the Q192R polymorphism. The few clinical trials investigating the influence of nutritional, lifestyle and drugs on PON1 activities in the general population suggest that some polyphenols, oleic acid, Mediterranean diet, no smoking, being physically active and statins may be effective strategies that increase PON1 activity. Conclusion: Lowered PON1 activities appear to be a key component in the ongoing NOS processes that accompany affective disorders, GAD and schizophrenia. Treatments increasing attenuated PON1 activity could possibly be new drug targets for treating these disorders.
RESUMO.O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a equivalência farmacêutica de comprimidos de cloridrato de propranolol 40,00 mg, por meio de testes físicos e físico-químicos de qualidade, tais como: variação de peso, friabilidade, teor, uniformidade de conteúdo, dissolução e perfil de dissolução. Realizouse estudo comparativo de comprimidos provenientes de três laboratórios, denominados de A (referência), B (genérico) e C (similar), sendo dois lotes distintos e aleatórios de cada. Todos os produtos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios nos testes farmacopeicos de qualidade a que foram submetidos, entretanto os resultados dos perfis de dissolução do cloridrato de propranolol das amostras B1, B2, C1 e C2 demonstraram que, se comparados ao perfil do medicamento referência Lote 1 (A1), os medicamentos similares não são equivalentes farmacêuticos, porém quando comparados ao medicamento referência Lote 2 (A2) somente o medicamento genérico, amostra B2, não foi considerado equivalente farmacêutico. A falta de homogeneidade entre lotes do medicamento referência pode gerar equívocos na análise comparativa a outras marcas.Palavras-chave: hipertensão arterial, controle de qualidade, equivalência. Assessment of quality and dissolution profile of propranolol hydrochloride tabletsABSTRACT. The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical equivalence of propranolol hydrochloride tablets, through physical and physical-chemical quality tests such as weight variation, friability, assay, uniformity of dosage units, dissolution test and dissolution profile. A comparative study was carried out with tablets from three laboratories, designated as A (reference), B (generic) and C (similar), with two different and random batches. All products showed satisfactory results in pharmacopoeial quality tests, however, the results of the propranolol hydrochloride dissolution profiles of the samples B1, B2, C1 and C2 evidenced that, when compared to the reference A1, the similar medicines are not pharmaceutically equivalent, but when compared to the reference A2 only the generic medicine B2 was not considered pharmaceutically equivalent. The homogeneity lack between reference medicines batches can lead to mistakes in comparison to other brands.
Paracetamol (PAR) is the analgesic and antipyretic of choice for pregnant and nursing women. PAR may reach the fetus and/or neonate through the placenta and/or milk and effect development. This study evaluated possible hepatic and renal effects in rat dams and their offspring exposed to PAR using a human-relevant route of administration and doses from Gestational Day 6 to Postnatal Day (PND) 21. Dams were gavaged daily with PAR (35 or 350mg kg−1) or water (CON). Dams and pups were killed on PND21 and 22 respectively, and blood was collected for biochemical analysis (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea and creatinine). The kidneys and liver were isolated and processed for histopathological assessment and evaluation of oxidative stress markers. Compared with the CON groups, pups exposed to 350mg kg−1 PAR had increased renal reduced glutathione (GSH), whereas dams exposed to both doses of PAR increased serum AST. PAR administration did not affect parameters of general toxicity or renal and hepatic oxidative stress. In conclusion, maternal exposure to human-relevant doses of PAR by gavage was not associated with hepatic or renal toxicity in the pups or dams, but PAR was not devoid of effects. Exposure to PAR increased renal GSH in pups, which could suggest an adaptive antioxidant response, and affected maternal serum AST activity.
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