El propósito del artículo es describir y comprender el proceso de configuración del problema público de la educación superior chilena, a partir de la movilización estudiantil en defensa de la educación pública, hasta la conformación de una respuesta política institucional limitada la idea de gratuidad (2011-2017). A través de una investigación cualitativa que conjuga diferentes procedimientos de producción de información, y aplicando la perspectiva de la sociología de los problemas públicos, proponemos como hallazgo más significativo la conformación de dos momentos en el proceso, que definen dos arenas y problemáticas diferenciadas. El momento de la manifestación pública (2011-2013) asociada a la demanda por el derecho a la educación pública gratuita, y el momento de la arena técnico-institucional de la gratuidad (2014-2017). Concluimos reconociendo algunos alcances sociopolíticos del proceso, en especial para la movilización estudiantil y su causa pública, a partir de la comparación entre ambos momentos.
The family Tymoviridae comprises positive-sense RNA viruses, which mainly infect plants. Recently, a few Tymoviridae-like viruses have been found in mosquitoes, which feed on vertebrate sources. We describe a novel Tymoviridae-like virus, putatively named, Guachaca virus (GUAV), isolated from Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus species of mosquitoes and collected in the rural area of Santa Marta, Colombia. After a cytopathic effect was observed in C6/36 cells, RNA was extracted and processed through the NetoVIR next-generation sequencing protocol, and data were analyzed through the VirMAP pipeline. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of the GUAV was achieved using a 5′/3′ RACE, transmission electron microscopy, amplification in vertebrate cells, and phylogenetic analysis. A cytopathic effect was observed in C6/36 cells three days post-infection. The GUAV genome was successfully assembled, and its polyadenylated 3′ end was corroborated. GUAV shared only 54.9% amino acid identity with its closest relative, Ek Balam virus, and was grouped with the latter and other unclassified insect-associated tymoviruses in a phylogenetic analysis. GUAV is a new member of a family previously described as comprising plant-infecting viruses, which seem to infect and replicate in mosquitoes. The sugar- and blood-feeding behavior of the Culex spp., implies a sustained contact with plants and vertebrates and justifies further studies to unravel the ecological scenario for transmission.
Research studies involving animal experimentation are regulated by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). To this end, the IACUC must integrate the information provided by the investigators of each preclinical study and the veterinarians from the animal facility in order to monitor and approve the process. Using a paper-based system to collect animal health and welfare data is a common, albeit time-consuming practice, prone to transcription and reading errors, not to mention inconvenient for veterinarians and investigators wishing to make timely and collaborative decisions when animal welfare is at risk. We created a web-based monitoring system focused on animal health with the potential to improve animal welfare. The data management system is based on REDCap software, which enables data integration in order to offer a solution for animal welfare assessment. The proposed scheme includes key indicators of general health status, such as environment, physical/nutritional information, and behavioral parameters during animal breeding and experimentation, as important components of animal welfare. In addition, the system facilitates communication of this information among researchers, animal facility staff, and the IACUC. REDCap is available to non-profit organizations, and may be adapted and replicated by institutions interested in and responsible for animal care, and used in research. REDCap is an excellent tool for promoting good practices that benefit experimental animal health.
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