Apis mellifera Royal Jelly (RJ) is a well-known remedy in traditional medicine around the world and its versatile effects range from antibacterial to anti-inflammatory properties and pro-regenerative properties. Several active compounds have been identified, however, the mechanisms of action still remain widely unknown. As a glandular product, RJ has been shown to contain a substantial number of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and in this study, we aimed to investigate the extent of involvement of RJEVs in wound healing associated effects. Molecular analysis of RJEVs verified the presence of important conserved exosomal markers such as CD63 and syntenin, as well as cargo molecules MRJP1, defensin-1 and jellein-3. RJEV internalization analysis demonstrated the involvement of membrane fusion as well as macropinocytosis or clathrin-dependent endocytosis into mammalian cells. Furthermore, RJEVs have demonstrated to modulate MSCs differentiation and secretome, as well as decrease LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by blocking the MAPK pathway. In vivo studies confirmed anti-bacterial effects of RJEVs, and demonstrated an acceleration of wound healing in a splinted mouse model. Summarizing, this study suggests that RJEVs of potentially exosomal origin play a crucial role in the known effects of RJ by modulating the inflammatory phase and cellular response in wound healing.
Research studies involving animal experimentation are regulated by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). To this end, the IACUC must integrate the information provided by the investigators of each preclinical study and the veterinarians from the animal facility in order to monitor and approve the process. Using a paper-based system to collect animal health and welfare data is a common, albeit time-consuming practice, prone to transcription and reading errors, not to mention inconvenient for veterinarians and investigators wishing to make timely and collaborative decisions when animal welfare is at risk. We created a web-based monitoring system focused on animal health with the potential to improve animal welfare. The data management system is based on REDCap software, which enables data integration in order to offer a solution for animal welfare assessment. The proposed scheme includes key indicators of general health status, such as environment, physical/nutritional information, and behavioral parameters during animal breeding and experimentation, as important components of animal welfare. In addition, the system facilitates communication of this information among researchers, animal facility staff, and the IACUC. REDCap is available to non-profit organizations, and may be adapted and replicated by institutions interested in and responsible for animal care, and used in research. REDCap is an excellent tool for promoting good practices that benefit experimental animal health.
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