Several studies have reported the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results show models with different number of factors, high correlations between factors, and symptoms that belong to different factors in different models without affecting the fit index. These elements could suppose the existence of considerable item cross-loading, the overlap of different factors or even the presence of a general factor that explains the items common source of variance. The aim is to provide new evidence regarding the factor structure of PTSD using CFA and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). In a sample of 1,372 undergraduate students, we tested six different models using CFA and two models using ESEM and ESEM bifactor analysis. Trauma event and past-month PTSD symptoms were assessed with Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC–5) and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL–5). All six tested CFA models showed good fit indexes (RMSEA = .051–.056, CFI = .969–.977, TLI = .965–.970), with high correlations between factors (M = .77, SD = .09 to M = .80, SD = .09). The ESEM models showed good fit indexes (RMSEA = .027–.036, CFI = .991–.996, TLI = .985–.992). These models confirmed the presence of cross-loadings on several items as well as loads on a general factor that explained 76.3% of the common variance. The results showed that most of the items do not meet the assumption of dimensional exclusivity, showing the need to expand the analysis strategies to study the symptomatic organization of PTSD.

Child abuse has been associated with the development of insecure-disorganized patterns of attachment. However, the way in which different types of abuse relate to variations in attachment representations is not entirely clear. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between three types of abuse (sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect) and the quality of child attachment representation, as assessed through attachment narratives. The results indicate that abuse in general, as well as each of its typologies in particular, is associated with insecuredisorganized attachment narratives. No differences were observed in the association between each individual type of abuse and the quality of attachment narratives, as well as between the number of abuse experiences and the quality of attachment. The findings are discussed from attachment theory and the literature on child development and maltreatment.

A thermal simulator was modified in order to study the effect of different formulations of the compaction phenomenon in modelling steam injection processes. The modified model can simulate total or partial irreversibility of this phenomenon, as well as the reversible formulation commonly used. Options to recalculate block permeabilities, transmissibilities, and thermal conductivities according to changes in porosity and thickness due to compaction are porosity and thickness due to compaction are included. Results from a series of simulations using data of hypothetical reservoirs are presented; these show a strong dependence of the quantities injected and produced, with the chosen formulation for compaction. It is found that the results are more sensitive to changes in the pore volume, than to changes in permeability and transmissibility. This improved representation of the compaction phenomenon in the simulator, proved to be of phenomenon in the simulator, proved to be of great help to understand injection and production mechanisms in steam injection processes. It also widens the possibilities of using reservoir simulators for history match purposes, and also enables the user to take more into-account the compressibility data obtained from laboratory experiments. Introduction Both theoretical and field studies have shown the importance of the compaction phenomenon as an additional mechanism of production of oil. The influence of compaction on isothermal processes was studied by Finol and Farouq Alil, while its influence in both cyclic and continuous steam injection was reported by Rattia and Farouq Ali and by Ertequin and Farouq Ali. In recent years, advances in laboratory techniques together with new theories have contributed to a better understanding of the compaction phenomenon, thus helping to develop more appropriate mathematical formulations. Most of the efforts to include rock compaction in numerical reservoir simulators, have been oriented toward the use of a single value of a compaction coefficient or compressibility of the porous media. Using this approach it is found that the predicted behavior of injection and of production processes are very sensitive to the chosen value of the compressibility. Furthermore, most of the available simulators consider the process to be completely reversible, i.e. when the pressure increases there is an expansion that obeys the same formulation that appears during compaction. Laboratory experiments have shown that this assumptions do not conform with reality, in fact the compaction coefficient depends at least with the pressure and also with the rock type, which can vary with the block depth. Also, some authors have shown that the coefficient of compaction also varies with the direction of the change of the block pressure, the coefficient being smaller in general during expansion, creating in effect an irreversibility of the compaction process. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of the compaction mechanism on the prediction of production performance of steam injection processes, and also to study the sensitivity processes, and also to study the sensitivity of this results to change in some variables that are influenced by the compaction such as porosity, permeability, transmissibilities, and thermal permeability, transmissibilities, and thermal conductivity. The study was conducted using a thermal numerical simulator with the necessary modifications to model the phenomenon, and the input data used for the numerical examples correspond to typical values of heavy oil reservoirs of Venezuela. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL The numerical simulator used as a starting point for this study is a 3-Dimensional, implicit, finite-difference model designed to simulate hot water and steam injection processes. p. 139

Attachment theory´s core hypotheses (universality, normativity, sensitivity, and competence) are assumed to be applicable worldwide. However, the majority of studies on attachment theory have been conducted in Western countries, and the extent to which these core hypotheses are supported by research conducted in Latin America has never been systematically addressed. The purpose of this systematic narrative literature review is to provide an integrative discussion of the current body of empirical studies concerning attachment theory conducted in Latin American countries. For that purpose, a search was conducted in four electronic databases (Web of Science, PsycInfo, SciELO, and Redalyc) and 82 publications on attachment and/or sensitivity met inclusion criteria. None of the studies reported cases in which an attachment relationship was absent, and a predominance of secure attachment patterns was found, mainly for non‐risk samples (NRS). Sensitivity levels were generally deemed adequate in NRS, and related to attachment quality. Attachment security and caregivers’ sensitivity were positively associated with child outcomes. Attachment‐based intervention studies mostly showed efficacy. In conclusion, Latin American research supports the key theoretical assumptions of attachment theory, mainly in samples of urban middle‐class NRS. However, the field of attachment‐related research would be enriched by also investing in Latin American studies on caregiving rooted in local concepts and theories.