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Effects of feeding modified cassava chip and corn seed as energy source inclusion in diet were investigated on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites in early fattening bulls. Thirty-six 1-year-old Charolais crossbred bulls with initial weight 270 ± 50 kg were randomly assigned into 6 groups with different experimental rations as cassava-based concentrates including non-modified cassava chip (Cass-Con), with 15 % of alkaline-treated cassava chip (Cass-Alkaline), with 15 % of steam-treated cassava chip (Cass-Steam) and corn-based concentrates including non-modified corn seed (Corn-Con), with 15 % of alkaline-treated corn seed (Corn-Alkaline), and with 15 % of steam-treated corn seed (Corn-Steam), according to completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that feed intake and digestibility were not significantly different among treatments, while digestible dry matter and organic matter intake of Cass-Steam and Corn-Alkaline were higher than those of the other diets (P < 0.05). Ruminal pH post-feeding was highest in Corn-Alkaline and lowest in Cass-Con (P < 0.05). Blood glucose was similar among treatments. However, blood insulin at 4 h post-feeding was higher in Cass-Steam, Corn-Alkaline, and Corn-Steam than in the others. Blood insulin in bulls fed corn-based concentrate was higher than in bulls fed cassava-based concentrate (P < 0.01). Body weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while feed conversion ratio was lower in Cass-Steam, Corn-Alkaline, and Corn-Steam as compared with in Cass-Con, Cass-Alkaline and Corn-Con. Results indicated that using a modified energy source can improve growth performance in early fattening beef bulls. An appropriate method to modify cassava chip was steam method, while alkaline method for corn seed was superior.

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This study highlighted the role of an 80% ethanolic Mon-Pu (Glochidion wallichianum) leaf extract (MPE), a novel natural antioxidative ingredient, in controlling the oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of a cooked sausage model system (SMS). MPE had a total extractable phenolic content of 16 mg/100 g, with DPPH● scavenging activity, ABTS●+ scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of 2.3, 1.9, and 1.2 mmole Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively. The effects of different concentrations of MPE (0.01–10%, w/w) formulated into SMS on lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and discoloration were compared to synthetic butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT; 0.003%, w/w) and a control (without antioxidant). The peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyl contents of SMS tended to increase with increasing MPE concentration (p < 0.05), indicating that high MPE excipient has a pro-oxidative effect. The lowest lipid oxidation (PV and TBARS) and protein carbonyl contents were observed when 0.01% MPE was used to treat SMS (p < 0.05), which was comparable or even greater than BHT-treated SMS. High concentrations (1–10%) of MPE incorporation led to increases in the discoloration of SMS (p < 0.05) with a negligible change in pH of SMS. The water exudate was reduced when MPE was incorporated into SMS compared to control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, MPE at 0.01% significantly reduced lipid oxidation in cooked EMS during refrigerated storage. According to the findings, a low amount of MPE, particularly at 0.01%, in a formulation could potentially maintain the oxidative stability and physicochemical qualities of cooked SMS that are comparable to or better than synthetic BHT.

The investigation aimed to study the effect of vegetable oil sources on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and biohydrogenation bacterial population in Thai Friesian dairy cows. Three fistula Thai Friesian cows with mean body weight (BW) of 600±100 kg were assigned to receive three vegetable oil sources i.e. palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO) included at 4 %DM in commercial concentrate. All cows were fed on different diets that contained concentrate of 1 %BW and rice straw of 1 %BW according to a 3×3 latin square design (LSD). The results revealed that dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) tended to be higher in cows fed on SBO and SFO (P=0.06). Moreover, the DNA copy numbers (copies/ml) of biohydrogenation bacteria (Ruminococcus albus) and cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Prevotella ruminicola) were higher in cows fed on SBO (P less than 0.05). In summary, supplementation of SBO in diet resulted in a higher nutrient digestibility and rumen biohydrogenation bacteria population.

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Salted eggs are normally produced by treating fresh duck eggs with a high salt concentration in order to acquire distinctive features and excellent preservation capabilities as a result of a series of physicochemical changes. This method, however, induces a high salt content in the product. The goal of this research was to create a new way of producing mildly salted duck eggs using ozonized brine salting. The brine was made by dissolving NaCl (26% w/v) in water or ozonized water at a concentration of 50 ng ozone/mL (ozonized brine). Compared to brine, ozonized brine resulted in salted eggs with reduced ultimate salt levels in both albumen and yolk (p < 0.05). The Haugh unit of the salted eggs generated by ozonized brine was similar to that of the brine-made salted egg group (p > 0.05), but the salted egg produced by ozonized brine matured and solidified faster because the yolk index (0.62) was higher than that of the brine (0.55) (p < 0.05). The final pH of salted eggs generated with brine and ozonized brine was not different (p > 0.05). Regardless of the salting method, both salted eggs contained low TVB-N content (<10 mg/100 g). Ozonized brine increased the protein carbonyl content in salted albumen, which may be related to albumen protein aggregation and served as a salt diffusion barrier. However, after boiling the salted egg, the protein carbonyl level was comparable to that of fresh albumen. The TBARS levels of boiled salted albumen prepared with brine and ozonized brine were comparable (p > 0.05), and the value was extremely low (~0.1 mg MDA equivalent/kg). The TBARS value of the salted yolk prepared with brine was higher than that of the salted yolk prepared with ozonized brine (p < 0.05), and both salted yolks showed increased TBARS values after cooking (p < 0.05). The albumen and yolk components appeared to be altered similarly by both brine and ozonized brine, according to the FTIR spectra. Furthermore, the appearance and color of the yolk and albumen in salted eggs prepared with brine and ozonized brine were comparable. Boiled salted albumen produced with ozonized brine had a denser structure with fewer voids. This could be attributed to the final salted egg’s lower salt content and lower salt diffusion rate, which were likely caused by protein oxidation and, as a result, aggregation when ozonized brine was used.

Tis study aimed to evaluate the embryo quality and embryo transfer rate of Thai crossbred goats fed different levels of protein in total mixed rations (TMR) during the hot season. Twenty-four non- pregnant Thai crossbred goats with an average body weight of 26±5.9 kg were assigned with a random complete block design (RCBD). Dietary treatments contained 8, 13, and 18 % crude protein (CP) in TMR. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days. Does (female goat) were scheduled to determine embryo quality by surgical laparotomy and flushing. At the end of the feeding trial, the digestion trial was conducted by the total collection method for a 5-day period. The results showed that the average total feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not differ among all treatments (p ˃ 0.05), however, digestible protein intake had increased from 70.39, 79.77 to 89.11 g/d in 8, 13, and 18 % CP group, respectively. Increasing CP levels in TMR resulted in linearly increased goat final body weight (30.25, 28.75, and 32.00 kg), weight gain (3.00, 4.00, and 4.25 kg), and average daily gain (ADG) (87.84, 114.87 and 121.63 g/d). Embryo quality (1, 1, and 3.5 morular follicle state) and pregnancy of embryo transfer rate (25, 25, and 50 %) of the animal received CP level at 8 and 13 % less than that 18 %. These results indicated that dietary protein level during program superovulation regimen affected the good quality of an embryo and the pregnancy rate in an embryo transfer in Thai crossbred goats.