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Water is the most precious natural resource and it is impossible to live without it. However, the potential beneficial uses of water are lost due to changes in its composition as a result of human activity especially from industrial effluents. It is estimated about 22% of the total volume of industrial wastewater is produced by the textiles industry, one of the largest industrial producers of high volume wastewater primarily in the dyeing and finishing operations. This industry engenders a huge contribution to Malaysia’s economy development due to high demands locally and abroad. However, little awareness on the importance of clean practices in the production of Batik among Batik entrepreneurs has caused them to take improper actions by discharging the effluents without proper treatment. Currently, many technologies are available to solve the problems caused by textile industry. However, the best methods differ from plant to plant depending on size, type of waste and degree of treatment needed. This article reviews the available technologies and suggests an effective, cheaper alternative for dye removal and decolorisation applicable on large scale.

Physalis minima linn is a plant under the Solanaceae family having secondary metabolites with distinct biological activities. The total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity on different parts (leaves, whole plant, stem, roots and fruits) of Physalis minima linn were analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride colorimetric method and 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. Results demonstrated that leaves extract exhibited as the highest value of total phenolic content of 1125.42±14.60 mg of gallic acid (GAE) equivalent per gram of plant (dry extract). The low value of IC50 indicated that leaves, whole plant and fruits can be deemed as a good candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high value of antioxidant activity.

The rapidly expanding cottage textile sector – which is due to increasing demand - has greatly contributed to Malaysia’s economic growth. Unfortunately, this growing industry is also creating a lot of environmental issues associated with textile effluents and it has become a public concern. Innovative solution such as biological technology is preferable as it can reduce the destructive impact on the ecological system. The goal of this research is to study the effectiveness of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Pleurotus ostreatus at decolorizing remazol dyes that exist in textile effluents. Both microbes had exhibited good color removal of between 50 - 70 % in less than 120 hours with optimum conditions for decolorization occuring at pH 7.0, dye concentration of 0.2 mL/mL, and temperature at 37°C.

Water pollution due to the discharges of textile wastewater without treatment is the most concern problem identified. This reduces the degree penetration of sunlight into the water. It causes some human health problem such as bladder cancer, liver cancer and splenic tumor. The biological research using Lactobacillus bacteria was developed to reduce the environment problems. This research was studied on the impact of Lactobacillus delbrueckii on decolorization of textile wastewater enhanced by Gigantochloa ligulata nutrient. This nutrient contains high protein, mineral, moisture and carbohydrate such as fructose, glucose and sucrose. Those nutrients are used by Lactobacillus species to produce lactic acid, which simultaneously help in decolorizing textile wastewater. The effect studies; Lactobacillus delbrueckii dosage (4, 7, 10 mL/mL), agitation speed (1, 75.5, 150 rpm) and dye concentration (0.1, 0.55, 1.0 mL/mL) were performed to determine the rate of decolorization for every 24 hours. The result obtained show the maximum decolorization rate, 65.30% occurs at 7.66 mL of Lactobacillus dosage and 0.49 mL/mL of dye concentration with 64.20 rpm. It can be concluded that Gigantochloa ligulata nutrient has potential in enhancing Lactobacillus species to decolorize of textile wastewater.

The enhancement in immobilization process using microbial with organic matrix in biological process was an extensive research. The novel organic matric was found to be used in immobilized process. The application of bamboo as microbial matrix in immobilization process was presented. The physical characteristic of bamboo was studied. The nature physical characteristic such as high porosity promotes bamboo as an alternative microbial matrix. The use of Bambusa heterostachya or locally called as 'buluh galah' as organic matrix is a dynamic microbial environment. The existent of microbial cells inside bamboo by immobilization process are optimally structured the use of matrix. The microorganism, Lactobacillus delbrueckii was selected as microbial used in immobilized of bambusa matrix. The effect study was interaction time with constant pH of 7 and temperature, bambusa matrix during immobilized process for every 2 hours using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the interaction time of immobilized process on Bambusa heterostachya as Lactobacillus matrix was interactive at 24 hours of inoculation process. Before the immobilization process, scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the pore tissue inside bamboo was empty with bacterial. However, after 24 hours of inoculation process, analysis showed that the pore size of bamboo was full with Lactobacillus. Therefore, this study proved that bamboo is a good matrix for microbial growth. The immobilized process using Bambusa heterostachya as Lactobacillus matrix can be further use in industrial application especially in the field of wastewater treatment.

Enlargement of textile industry in Malaysia is swiftly growing as it plays vital role in human evolution by providing cloths. Industrialization in textile fields plays main part in colouring of fabric as it gives environmental concerns associated with textile effluent. The usages of dyestuff make textile effluent difficult to biodegrade as the complexity of chemical structures of dyes. The diversity of forestry creates nature plant such as bamboo which is used as mediator in dye decolorize of textile effluent. As sustainable resolution can reduce environmental system destruction, the effectiveness and competency of bambusa heterostachya has been investigated to analyze the potential in decolorize of textile effluent. The result exhibited good dye decolourization rate of 70 - 80 % in less than 72 hours with influence studies.