The objective of this research was to determine the effect of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate addition on functional edible films based on corn starch. This study used a Factorial Randomized Completely Design with two treatments and three replication for each treatment. The first factor was the concentration of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate (20%, 30%, 40%) and the second factor was the mixing separation method (filtering, centrifuge 1000 rpm, centrifuge 2000 rpm). The results showed that treatment of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate and the mixing separation method had significant effect on thickness, elongation percentage, water vapour transmission rate, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of edible film. The interaction of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate and the mixing separation method had significant effect on water vapour transmission rate. The best treatment based on edible film characteristics was 40% concentration of Uncaria gambir Roxb filtrate and the mixed separation method of 1000 rpm centrifugation.

Dyes used in textile fabric as a coloring agent is not an operative technique since it is produced highly colored wastewater. The colored wastewater was produced from dyeing process in textile manufacturing process. The pollution of color in aquatic ecosystem is a rising problem nowadays. Currently, the technique to remove the color from textile wastewater are mostly studied worldwide as an awareness concerns since there are no specific solution has been acceptable for treating the broad diversity of textile wastewater. There has been an extensive research into the implementation of the modification and development of the biological treatment using bacteria with suitable matrix for immobilization process that can improve the decolorization rate of textile wastewater. The usage of immobilized microbial cells in the field of wastewater treatment has been found to be useful. Hence, the review presented here concerns the improvement of biological approach using bacteria with bamboo as matrix for immobilization in reduction of dyes present in textile wastewater.

The enhancement in immobilization process using microbial with organic matrix in biological process was an extensive research. The novel organic matric was found to be used in immobilized process. The application of bamboo as microbial matrix in immobilization process was presented. The physical characteristic of bamboo was studied. The nature physical characteristic such as high porosity promotes bamboo as an alternative microbial matrix. The use of Bambusa heterostachya or locally called as 'buluh galah' as organic matrix is a dynamic microbial environment. The existent of microbial cells inside bamboo by immobilization process are optimally structured the use of matrix. The microorganism, Lactobacillus delbrueckii was selected as microbial used in immobilized of bambusa matrix. The effect study was interaction time with constant pH of 7 and temperature, bambusa matrix during immobilized process for every 2 hours using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the interaction time of immobilized process on Bambusa heterostachya as Lactobacillus matrix was interactive at 24 hours of inoculation process. Before the immobilization process, scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the pore tissue inside bamboo was empty with bacterial. However, after 24 hours of inoculation process, analysis showed that the pore size of bamboo was full with Lactobacillus. Therefore, this study proved that bamboo is a good matrix for microbial growth. The immobilized process using Bambusa heterostachya as Lactobacillus matrix can be further use in industrial application especially in the field of wastewater treatment.

The rapidly expanding cottage textile sector – which is due to increasing demand - has greatly contributed to Malaysia’s economic growth. Unfortunately, this growing industry is also creating a lot of environmental issues associated with textile effluents and it has become a public concern. Innovative solution such as biological technology is preferable as it can reduce the destructive impact on the ecological system. The goal of this research is to study the effectiveness of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Pleurotus ostreatus at decolorizing remazol dyes that exist in textile effluents. Both microbes had exhibited good color removal of between 50 - 70 % in less than 120 hours with optimum conditions for decolorization occuring at pH 7.0, dye concentration of 0.2 mL/mL, and temperature at 37°C.

Daun sireh atau Piper betle (PB) telah digunakan secara tradisional di banyak negara Asia untuk penyembuhan luka dan penyakit lain. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan penyembuhan luka PB pada tikus Sprague-Dawley yang diaruhkan kecederaan kulit. Lapan belas tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley diaruhkan luka dan kemudian dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan yang terdiri daripada kawalan (penyembuhan luka normal tanpa "dressing"), salina (penyembuhan luka dibalut kain kasa yang direndam dalam air salina) dan PB (kain kasa yang mengandungi pes PB). Luka diaruhkan di belakang tikus dengan jarum biopsi punch steril berukuran 6 mm. Luka diperiksa pada hari 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 dan 13 untuk kekeringan, eksudasi, dan pembentukan parut. Tikus telah dikorbankan pada hari ke-14 dan tisu granulasi yang terbentuk pada luka itu kemudiannya dikeluarkan untuk pemeriksaan histologi menggunakan pewarnaan Hematoxylin dan Eosin (H&E). Pembentukan tisu granulasi dalam tikus yang dirawat dengan PB menunjukkan penutupan luka dengan masa yang lebih pendek (pada hari ke-3) berbanding dengan kumpulan kawalan dan salina (pada hari ke-5). Pembalut luka yang mempunyai PB berupaya meminimumkan pembentukan tisu parut secara signifikan (p<0.05) berbanding kumpulan kawalan dan salina. Kesimpulannya, keputusan dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa PB mempunyai kesan pemulihan luka yang baik dengan kesan kurang parut dan mungkin ia dapat digunakan secara komplementari untuk merawat luka.

Water pollution due to the discharges of textile wastewater without treatment is the most concern problem identified. This reduces the degree penetration of sunlight into the water. It causes some human health problem such as bladder cancer, liver cancer and splenic tumor. The biological research using Lactobacillus bacteria was developed to reduce the environment problems. This research was studied on the impact of Lactobacillus delbrueckii on decolorization of textile wastewater enhanced by Gigantochloa ligulata nutrient. This nutrient contains high protein, mineral, moisture and carbohydrate such as fructose, glucose and sucrose. Those nutrients are used by Lactobacillus species to produce lactic acid, which simultaneously help in decolorizing textile wastewater. The effect studies; Lactobacillus delbrueckii dosage (4, 7, 10 mL/mL), agitation speed (1, 75.5, 150 rpm) and dye concentration (0.1, 0.55, 1.0 mL/mL) were performed to determine the rate of decolorization for every 24 hours. The result obtained show the maximum decolorization rate, 65.30% occurs at 7.66 mL of Lactobacillus dosage and 0.49 mL/mL of dye concentration with 64.20 rpm. It can be concluded that Gigantochloa ligulata nutrient has potential in enhancing Lactobacillus species to decolorize of textile wastewater.