Cerveny C.: Ep;physodiaphyseal Growth Zones in Metapodium and Acropodium of Cattle in Postnatal Ontogenesis. Acta vet. Bmo, 49, 1980: 11-30. Anatomic and radiologic methods were used for the study and description of macroscopic changes in the epiphysodiaphyseal growth zones of the metapodium and acropodium of cattle in the postnatal developmental period. The results were obtained from 79 clinically healthy animals of the Czech Red-Spotted cattle aged from birth to 15 years. Localization of the epiphysodiaphyseal zone in the metapodium and acropodium of calves and juvenile cattle was determined by means of external orientation points on a live animal. We are suggesting their possible access during experimental and clinical interventions. By means of comparison of radiographs with osteologically treated preparations, a typical RTG-picture of different parts of the epiphysodiaphyseal growth zones in the metapodium and proximal and middle phalanges of the digits was described. The ontogenetic developmental series of the postnatal period was used to study changes in the RTG-picture and in the epiphysodiaphyseal growth cartilage and the diaphyseal and epiphyseal osseous plates in the macrostructure. By destruction of the epiphysodiaphyseal growth cartilage the epiphysodiaphyseal growth zone grows into the epiphysodiaphyseal scar which gradually disappears due to inner rebuilding of the bone. Development, epiphysodiaphyseal growth zones, anatomy and rentgenology, cattle.The epiphysodiaphyseal growth zones are differentiated in cartilaginous bone patterns with establishment of epiphyseal ossification centres. Formation of secondary ossification centres in different skeletal bones of cattle limbs was described by Kupfer and Schinz (1923), Vokken (1950), Fedrigo (1957 and Lindsay (1969). They suggest that in the course of the seventh month of the intrauterine life secondary ossification centres appear in the phalanx proximalis and phalanx media and subsequently distal epiphyseal centres appear in the metapodium. Development. of skeletal bones and disappearance of epiphysodiaphyseal growth cartilages in skeletal bones of domestic mammals in the prenatal and postnatal periods were studied by Vokken and Tarasov (1968). According to these authors establishment of a secondary ossification centre in the proximal ulnar epiphysis can be taken as a sign of terminated intrauterine development. Kolda (1936) and Barone (1966) have given more precisely defined data on disappearance of growth cartilages from the skeletal bones of domestic mammals. They have suggested that the epiphysodiaphyseal cartilages in the phalanx media in cattle disappear between the 15th -18th months after birth, in the phalanx proximalis between the 20th -24th months and in the metapodia at the age of2 years and a half. The microscopic structure of the epiphyseal growth cartilage of cattle metatarsus in ontogenesis was studied by Lassila (1928). The author described changes in thickness and shape of the cartilage as well as alterations in microstru...
C e r v e nyC., V. P Ii r a I: Sesamoid Bones o/the Knee Joint o/the Puma concolor. Acta vet.. Bmo 1995,64:79·82. The sesamoid bones of the knee joint were studied in three cadavers of adult pumas (Pumo concolor), i.e. one female and two males, with regard to the already known and described situation in the.domestic cat, in terms of its occurrence, formation and topographical-anatomical relation to the bones of the knee joint. The cadavers were obtained from zoos as a contribution to our anatomical collections. Following X-ray examinations, the patella, ossa sesamoidea m. gastrocnemii and os sesamoideum m. poplitei were studied after anatomical dissection using classical osteological methods and differential staining of the bone tissue with alizarin. The heart-shaped patella of the puma is relatively wider, shorter and more flattened than that of the cat. Its os sesamoideum m. gastrocnemii laterale is larger than the medial, as is the eat's. The shape of the os sesamoideum m. poplitei resembles a smaller patella and is embedded in the tendomuscular transition of the respective muscle.Oval shadows were observed in the cranial part of the femorotibial articular slit on radiographs in laterornedial projections. Based on this finding and applying the described methods and techniques, in all the examined cases we proved an osseous formation -os menisci medialis -a heterotopic bone showing lamellar osteons after routine histological examinations with HE staining. Our findings can be employed in comparative anatomy and in clinical practice, particularly when assessing radiographs of the knee region of the Puma concolor. Puma concolor, knee joint, ossa sesamoideaThe knee joint is a very important junction of the stylopodium and zeugopodium in mammals. Strong and long muscles pass over this joint, and many supportive sesamoid bones have developed. In mammals it is regularly the patella, and in some also the ossa sesamoidea m. gastrocnemii and os sesamoideum m. poplitei.H abe r m e h 1 (1960) and Pre u s s (1970) suggested that these sesamoid bones around the joints or cartilaginous formations, such as corpora sesamoidea, have developed due to the increased pressure of tendons on the surface of the articular capsule during muscular activity. Rom mer and Par son s (1983) range these osseous formations among heterotopic bones. E 11 e n b erg e rand B au m (1891), Pea r son and D a v in (1921), B a um andZi e t s chmann (1936), Kol da (1942), B aro ne (1960), N i c k e 1 • S c hum mer -S e i fer 1 e (1977) and others all reported that these bones occur regularly in domestic carnivores as given above. In the domestic cat they were described byRei ghard tand] enning s (1930), Pro s ee (1984), Mc earth y -Wood (1987 and K 0 n i g (1992). No literature data were found about sesamoid bones in the region of the knee joint in other felids. Ret t ere r (1918) studied the dorsal sesamoid bones of the digits in the lion and cat, and M 0 r i t z (1960) the suprapatellar and parapatellar cartilages of the knee joint in the c...
Cerveny C.: Ossification and Development of the Ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis in Cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus Linne 1758). Acta vet. Brno, 52, 1983: 27-38.The sequence of appearance and development of ossification centres of the ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis in 22 bovine fetuses and newborn Bohemian Pied calves were investigated using the method of clearing and differential staining of specimens and radiography.The ossification centres ofthe ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis in cattle appeared at the end of month 8 and during month 9 of intrauterine life in a regular sequence. First the ossification centre of the axial sesamoid of the proximal phalanx of the fourth digit appeared, followed by that of the axial sesamoid of the proximal phalanx of the third digit, and that of the abaxial sesamoid of the proximal phalanx of the fourth digit. Finally, the ossification centre of the abaxial sesamoid of the proximal phalanx of the third digit appeared. The ossification centres in this sequence appeared first in the pelvic limbs.In full-term newborn calves, all ossification centres were present, however, their development was uneven in consequence of the above-mentioned time sequence in their appearance. The degree of maturation of the ossification centres may be estimated according to the ossification onset and changes in the shapes of the individual centres found in radiograms of fetuses and newborn calves. Cattle, digits, ossification centre, prenatal and postnatal development.During our study of development of the cattle acropodium skeleton in the early postnatal period we observed that the development of the ossification centres of the ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximal is of the third and fourth digits was markedly uneven. Similar finding was reported by Schaeffer (1934) on ossification of the ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis in the dog. However, differences in the shape and size of these bones in adult cattle are not conspicuous enough to explain the uneven development of the ossification centres of the sesamoids of the proximal phalanges of the digits. According to Preuss (1970), the ossa sesamoidea in the mammalian skeleton had developed in consequence of tendon pressure on the walls of synovial formations. The size differences in development of the ossification centres have not even been reported in papers dealing with ossification of the ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis in cattle (Kiipfer and Schintz
Cerveny, C.: Anatomical Characteristics of the Ossa Sesamoidea Phalangis Rroximalis in Cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus Linne 1758). Acta vet. Brno, 54, 1985: 3-22.The anatomical structure and radiography of the sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of cattle digits were studied on osteological material and radiograms of 18 cows and 5 bulls. On the basis of detailed anatomical description, a list of new anatomical names for important anatomical formations was proposed in order to complete the anatomical nomenclature and to provide better orientation on the bones as well as a more precise description of the different bones and determine their origin from the respective digits and/or the left or right thoracic or pelvic limbs.Thus the axial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the digit can be distinguished from the abaxial ones. Also the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the third and fourth digits can be differentiated as well as their origir from the thoracic or pelvic limb.. On the basis of outer characteristics, we can safely differentiate the axial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the digits of the thoracic limb and the pelvic limb. Whether the axial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the digits pertain to the third or fourth digit on the thoracic or pelvic limb and to the left or right limb, it can be determined indirectly from the topographic interrelations of the anatomical formations described in the present study, but only under condition that we know one of the data looked for which is relative to the origin of the bones.On the basis of the typical shape and location of shadows we can differentiate in the radiograms shadows of the axial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the digits from those of the abaxial ones. By uneven intensity of the shadow in the radiograms in the dorsoplantar or dorsopalmar projection we can differentiate the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanx of the fourth digit and that of the third digit. Cattle, digits, ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis, anatomical characteristics.According to Preuss (1970), the sesamoid bones appear to have resulted from the pressure of the skeletal muscle tendons on the wall of the synovial formations and consequently they have a close functional connection to them. The ossification centres of these small bones appear either in late gestation or in the postnatal period (Kupfer and Schinz 1923;Vokken 1950;Lindsay 1969). The anatomical structure of these bones is not always known and the osteologic treatment of skeletons and judgement of the archeologic findings bring about difficulties in their differentiation and precise specification. This is especially true of the ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis. Basic data on morphology of these bones in cattle were found in classical and more recent text-. books dealing with the veterinary anatomy (Ellenberger and Baum 1943, Sisson lind Grossman 1947, Barone 1966, Akaevskiy 1968, Getty 1975, Nickel et a1. 1977. Martin and Schauder ...
Cerveny C.: Osteometry of the Ossa Sesamoidea Phalangis Proximalis in Cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus Linne 1758). Acta vet. Brno, 54, 1985: 119-128. The sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the digits from 14 bovine females of the Bohemian Spotted cattle were subject to osteometric examination. Statistical significance of four characteristics was studied. There was no statistical significance in the weight and diameter differences. Highly significant differences were recorded for the maximum height values when comparing the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the fourth and third digits from the thoracic limbs and the maximum width when comparing the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the third and fourth digits from the pelvic limbs. Also the width values for the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proxitnal phalanges of the third digits from the thoracic limbs and the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the third digits from the pelvic limbs showed highly significant differences. Likewise, the differences in the maximum height values between the abaxial sesamoid bone of the Pfoxitnal phalanx of the fourth digit and the abaxial sesamoid bone of the proximal phalanx of the third digit on the pelvic limbs showed statistical significance. Similar relations were recorded between the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanx of the fourth and third digits on the thoracic limb. Also the difference between the maximum height values of the axial sesamoid bone of the proximal phalanx of the third digit from the thoracic limb and the axial sesamoid bone of the proximal phalanx of the third digit from the thoracic limb and the axial sesamoid bone of the proximal phalanx of the third digit from the pelvic limb was statistically significant. The osteometric findings on the sesamoid bones of the proxitnal phalanges of the cattle digits form a complement to anatomical characteristics and are another criterion for differentiation and identification of these bones. Cattle, digits, ossa sesamoidea phaiangis proximalis, osteometry.The proxitnal phalangeal sesamoid bones of digits of cattle, sheep, goat, horse and dog are a regular component of their skeleton (NiCkel et a!. 1977). In cattle, their ossification centres appear late in the intrauterine life Tarasov, 1968: Lindsay 1969). Cerveny (1983) found a regular sequence in their appearance. The first to appear is the ossification centre of the axial sesamoid bone of the pr-oxitnal phalanx of the fourth digit, followed by the ossification centre of the axial sesamoid bone of the proximal phalanx of the third digit and that of the abaxial sesamoid bone of the proxitnal phalanx of the fourth digit. And the last to appear is the ossification centre of the abaxial sesamoid bone ofthe third digit. This sequence is common for all limbs, with advanced appearance of ossification centres of the pelvic limbs compared to the thoracic limbs. Basic anatomical data of these stnall bones in cattle are given in both the class...
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