Morphometric assessment of the canine hip joint using acetabular angle of retrotorsion was used in this study. The aim of our study was to compare the acetabular angle of retrotorsion (AAR) with values of the Norberg angle (NA) and the hip score (HS) in the Leonberger dog breed and to determine the cut-off point of AAR that distinguish between normal and dysplastic hip status on the basis of Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip evaluation. Retrospective analysis of NA and AAR was measured from standard ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs with extended femurs in 387 Leonberger dogs (141 males and 246 females) from 18 to 63 months of age, which were then divided into five age-groups. Through analysis of these radiographs, it was determined that the cut-off point for NA was 105°, AAR was 15°, and the acetabular angle of retrotorsion was positively correlated with Norberg angle and negatively correlated with hip score. The results of our study indicate that the acetabular angle of retrotorsion may represent a reliable morphometric assessment tool in evaluating acetabular cup conformation, and values of AAR may help to assess the FCI grade of canine hip dysplasia.
Both bones and antlers have been used throughout history for manufacturing various products. Therefore, archaeologists often have to distinguish between these materials. The more the raw material (bone or antler) has been treated, the more complicated it is to distinguish. For this study, recent macerated and archaeological samples of bone and antler and their products have been compared. Antler is usually very easy to distinguish based on the characteristic surface structure; however, the original surface is not preserved in all artefacts. The inner surface of the diaphysis of long bones is mostly compact with prominent trabeculae and lamellae, whereas, after removal of the spongiosa, the inner surface of antler is characterised by numerous grooves. Sometimes, however, artefacts are found which are composed only of the compact bone substance, without inner and outer surfaces, and it is not possible to distinguish between bones and antlers macroscopically. Haversian systems can be found in histological and ground sections of both bones and antlers. In contrast to bones, antlers have few interstitial lamellae. The osteons of antler seem to be smaller and to consist of fewer layers than those of bone. Inner and outer circumferential lamellae cannot be distinguished in antlers. Although microscopic examination of sectioned samples does not allow distinction between bones and antlers in every case, it represents a valuable additional tool for distinguishing between these two materials in historic artefacts.
The supporting part of the metapodium skeleton of the thoracic limb consists of os metacarpale III et IV, developing through the fusion of two initially independent bones (III and IV). In the pelvic limb it is os metatarsale III et IV, developing analogically. In macerated bones of recent cattle at the age of 1-8 years and those from archaeological excavations (medieval, 9 th -15 th centuries) the length asymmetry of the above bones was studied by means of osteometry and the data obtained were evaluated statistically. In the thoracic limb metapodium, being the major supporting element in unguligrade paraxonic cattle, three possible relations between the lengths of metacarpals III and IV were observed, viz., (1) III longer than IV, (2) IV longer than III, and (3) both bones of the same length. In the metatarsus, i.e. the part of the pelvic limb with a largely locomotive function, bone IV was the longer one in all cases. Osteometric and statistical methods were also applied to the material mentioned above in order to examine the correlation of the width of cavum medullare with the overall width of a bone. While the relative width of the medullar cavity of the metapodium bones was found to be correlated with age, this correlation was negative in both the metacarpus and metatarsus (r = -0.6778 and -0.6294, respectively). The relation between the resorptive and formative processes (R:F) in the bone of unguligrades tends to depend upon the requirements for mechanical strength and bone resistance. Cattle, os metacarpale III et IV, os metatarsale III et IV, osteometryIn unguligrade guadrupeds, the bones of their metapodia are among the important limb long bones. In the thoracic limb, the position of metacarpal bones (os metacarpale III et IV), the same as those of the forearm, is perpendicular and the compact bone of the diaphysis equally supports the weight of the head, neck, and the anterior part of the trunk, whereas the scapula and the humerus are posited obliquely and the peripheral compact bone of their diaphysis is not equally poised. In the pelvic limb the metatarsal bones (os metatarsale III et IV) are the only ones that are perpendicular, the stylopodium (thigh bone) and the zeugopodium (shin bones) being oblique as well. As to locomotion, the pelvic limbs are of greater importance as they give the impulse for forward movement. The thoracic limbs support the cranial part of the animal and help it to move forward. Generally speaking, the long bones of the pelvic limb are longer and stronger than those of the thoracic limb.Osteometric data on the lengths, widths, and circumferences of bones can provide fairly correct ideas of the sizes of the animals, their height at the withers, sex, and other characteristics. Bone dimensions are sex-dependent, as documented by Bartosiewicz (1984) who compared the lengths of three long bones in the thoracic limb of cattle (the humerus, the radius, and the metacarpus) and found them longer in bulls than in cows. The mean length of metacarpus of the bulls (n = 26) was 219.833 ± 4...
The captive bolt device has been used for stunning cattle at abattoirs for more than 100 years and is now one of the stunning devices used most widely. The aim of this review article was to assess the effects that are decisive during cattle slaughter on the quality of stunning with the use of a captive bolt stunning device. The basis of effective stunning is the use of a suitable type of device, with the speed of the bolt and the kinetic energy corresponding to the anatomical parameters of the slaughtered animal. The importance of the regular cleaning and maintenance of stunning devices and monitoring of the effectiveness of stunning goes without saying. The immediate loss of sensibility in the animal must occur after the first shot. The effectiveness of the stunning process can be quantified by regular monitoring of the behavior of animals after stunning with an emphasis on the loss of reflexes (corneal reflex, regular breathing, attempts to regain physiological posture) and checks on the shot location on the skulls of slaughtered animals.
Caudolateral curvilinear osteophytes (CCOs) are considered to be an important finding for the early detection of canine hip dysplasia. The objective of this study was to determine the association between the radiographic and anatomic appearance of CCOs, and to determine whether CCOs are indicative of osteoarthritis. One hundred canine femurs were used to determine the topographical location of CCOs on the femoral neck, and the anatomic and radiographic presence of CCOs and their association with weight, sex, osteoarthritis, and femoral morphometry. Three angles were calculated to assess femoral conformation. The alpha angle and gamma angle described the angulation of the proximal femur and femoral neck, respectively. The beta angle described the angulation of the distal femur. Anatomic CCO was not detected in four femurs. No radiographic CCO was detected in 35 femurs and osteoarthritis changes were not found in 30 femurs. Statistically significant relationships were observed between anatomic CCO, alpha angle, and gamma angle. Statistically significant associations were observed between radiographic CCO, alpha angle, and gamma angle. The results of this study support an association between radiographic CCO on the femoral neck and osteoarthritis changes in the proximal femur. It can also be concluded that CCOs develop in association with femoral neck angulation, and may therefore be considered as an adaptation to the forces created by body weight that act through the femoral neck.
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