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When the labor market becomes tighter and the economy is uncertain, companies often respond by downsizing and by asking those employees who remain to be more productive and dependable. It is, therefore, of interest to both managers and researchers to better understand the dynamics of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). OCB is defined as one's willingness to do more than required, to go the extra mile. This study explores how one's subjective sense of career orientation (the internal career) affects OCB. The research was conducted in eight medium‐to‐large organizations in Thailand and it was discovered, as predicted, that internal career orientations impact the level of OCB. This finding is important because other research shows that the relationship between dispositional variables and OCB is inconclusive.

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The authors describe a theory of organization developed by Lawrence and Lorsch which related organizational differentiation and integration to environmental demands. Several studies which have attempted to employ the theory in school settings are discussed and the paper describes some of the promises and problems asso ciated with and implications for using the theory in educational organizations. In particular, the authors discuss applications of the concepts for studying urban school systems as complex organiza tions. C. Brooklyn Derr is an Assistant Professor and Research Associate at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. John J. Gabarro is an Assistant Professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.

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