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Background. The traditional surgical treatment for operable breast carcinoma larger than 3 cm is mastectomy. To avoid mutilating surgery, the authors administered primary chemotherapy to 158 patients with operable nonmetastatic large breast carcinoma with a TNM classification of T2 greater than 3 cm and T3 with a lymph node status of NO‐N1. Conservative treatment was proposed for patients responding to the chemotherapy and whose tumor was reduced to 3 cm or less. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and treatment results of this strategy. Methods. The mean patient age was 50.4 years. Eighty‐two patients had T2 carcinomas greater than 3 cm, and 76 had T3 carcinoma. Fifty‐four tumors were classified as lymph node status N0, and 104 as N1. Mean tumor size was 5.6 cm. Patients were treated with three courses of the NVCF regimen (mitoxantrone, vindesin, cyclophosphamide, and 5‐fluorouracil) or the EVCF regimen, in which mitoxantrone was replaced by epirubicin every 4 weeks, and then administered with a radiosurgical combination. Results. The overall response rate to induction chemotherapy was 60.8% with 20.2% complete tumor regression. Twenty‐one percent of the patients experienced grade 3 or 4 chemotherapy toxic effects, which were all acceptable and reversible. Breast‐conserving treatment was feasible in 48.7% of patients (77 of 158). Forty‐five patients (28.5%) were treated with a radiosurgical combination (tumorectomy plus radiation therapy), whereas 32 (20.2%) were treated with radiotherapy alone (external irradiation and brachytherapy). Other patients were treated with mastectomy. Age, tumor stage, histology, hormonal status, and hormonal receptor rate had no influence on the frequency of the observed regressions. Isolated recurrences occurred in 11 patients, 6 who were treated conservatively and 5 who were treated with mastectomy. Metastatic relapses were observed in 38 patients (14.6% in the chemotherapy responders and 38.7% in the nonresponders) (P < 0.02). Five‐year actuarial survival was 73.2% and was significantly higher for responders to the induction treatment. Conclusion. These preliminary results suggest that primary chemotherapy and radiosurgical breast‐conserving treatment is feasible and is an alternative to mastectomy for patients with large operable breast carcinoma who are responders to the induction treatment. The long term benefit of this strategy must be evaluated in well designed controlled trials.

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Overweight patients had a prolonged OS compared with normal weight patients with mCRC. The association of overweight with better OS was only observed in men. The pejorative prognosis of BMI <18.5 was confirmed.

Climate change interacts with local processes to threaten biodiversity by disrupting the complex network of ecological interactions. While changes in network interactions drastically affect ecosystems, how ecological networks respond to climate change, in particular warming and nutrient supply fluctuations, is largely unknown. Here, using an equation-free modelling approach on monthly plankton community data in ten Swiss lakes, we show that the number and strength of plankton community interactions fluctuate and respond nonlinearly to water temperature and phosphorus. While lakes show system-specific responses, warming generally reduces network interactions, particularly under high phosphate levels. This network reorganization shifts trophic control of food webs, leading to consumers being controlled by resources. Small grazers and cyanobacteria emerge as sensitive indicators of changes in plankton networks. By exposing the outcomes of a complex interplay between environmental drivers, our results provide tools for studying and advancing our understanding of how climate change impacts entire ecological communities.