ForewordThe United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) both place high importance on developing resources and conversion technologies for producing fuels, chemicals and power from biomass. The two departments are working together on several aspects of bioenergy. This report is the third to be produced from joint collaboration. This and other reports can be found at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.The website for biomass feedstock research sponsored by the DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of the Biomass Program (OBP) can be found at: http:// bioenergy.ornl.gov/. More general information about OBP's feedstock research program can be found at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/ biomass_feedstocks.html.The website for research and development sponsored by the USDA Forest Service can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ research/.

106-554) and information quality guidelines issued by the Department of Energy. Further, this report could be "influential scientific information" as that term is defined in the Office of Management and Budget's Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (Bulletin). This report has been peer reviewed pursuant to section II of the Bulletin. AvailabilityThis report, as well as supporting documentation, data, and analysis tools, can be found on the Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework at bioenergykdf.net. Go to https://bioenergykdf.net/billionton2016/reportinfo for the latest report information and metadata.

ForewordThe United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) both place high importance on developing resources and conversion technologies for producing fuels, chemicals and power from biomass. The two departments are working together on several aspects of bioenergy. This report is the third to be produced from joint collaboration. This and other reports can be found at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.The website for biomass feedstock research sponsored by the DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of the Biomass Program (OBP) can be found at: http:// bioenergy.ornl.gov/. More general information about OBP's feedstock research program can be found at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/ biomass_feedstocks.html.The website for research and development sponsored by the USDA Forest Service can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ research/.

This paper is the summation of several analyses to assess the size and benefi ts of a Billion Ton Bioeconomy, a vision to enable a sustainable market for producing and converting a billion tons of US biomass to bio-based energy, fuels, and products by 2030. Two alternative biomass availability scenarios in 2030, defi ned as the (i) Business-as-usual (598 million dry tons) and (ii) Billion Ton (1042 million dry tons), establish a range of possible outcomes for the future bioeconomy. The biomass utilized in the current (2014) (365 million dry tons) economy is estimated to displace approximately 2.4% of fossil energy consumption and avoid 116 million tons of CO 2 -equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions, whereas the Billion Ton bioeconomy of 2030 could displace 9.5% of fossil energy consumption and avoid as much as 446 million tons of CO 2 equivalent emissions annually. Developing the integrated systems, supply chains, and infrastructure to effi ciently grow, harvest, transport, and convert large quantities of biomass in a sustainable way could support the transition to a low-carbon economy. Bio-based activities in the current (2014) economy are estimated to have directly generated more than $48 billion in revenue and 285 000 jobs. Our estimates show that developing biomass resources and addressing current limitations to achieve a Billion Ton bioeconomy could expand direct bioeconomy revenue by a factor of 5 to contribute nearly $259 billion and 1.1 million jobs to the US economy Keywords: bioeconomy; biomass; bioenergy; biofuels; bioproducts 111Modeling and Analysis: An assessment of the potential impacts resulting from a billion ton bioeconomy JN Rogers et al.

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