The output of a pesticide surveillance program (detection frequency and number of exceeding measures) can lead to unnecessary concern among consumers since they lack information concerning the actual exposure. In this study, the exposure to pesticide residues through fruit and vegetable consumption is evaluated based on the 2008 surveillance data of the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC).Results (deterministic and probabilistic approach) demonstrate that the chronic exposure of the adult population (>15 years) is generally under control, even at high or frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables. For most of the pesticide residues studied, the exposure is one hundred times lower than the 'acceptable daily intake' or ADI. With regard to children (2-5 years) who consume regularly or large amounts of fruit and vegetables, there are however, indications that for some pesticides the ADI can be exceeded. Nevertheless, due to the large uncertainty in these calculations, a more detailed study is required for this vulnerable group of consumers. In addition, it was demonstrated that washing and peeling of fruit and vegetables result in an exposure that is probably five to six times lower.
Résumé -Pour évaluer les pratiques phytosanitaires des maraîchers du Burkina Faso, des enquêtes ont été réalisées en 2015 et 2016 auprès de 316 producteurs dans les zones Ouest et Nord du pays. Seuls 9 % d'entre eux ont reçu une formation en protection des végétaux. Quatre-vingt-dix pour cent des pesticides utilisés sont achetés sur les marchés locaux sans garantie de conformité et de qualité. La lambdacyhalothrine de la famille des pyréthrinoïdes est la substance active la plus utilisée. L'utilisation sur tomate des pesticides formulés pour le coton a fortement progressé entre 2015 et 2016 (71 %). Les doses utilisées par les producteurs sont supérieures à celles recommandées. Plus de 70 % des maraîchers n'observent aucune mesure de protection adéquate depuis la préparation de la bouillie jusqu'à la fin des traitements. Le respect de délais sans traitement avant récolte dépend plus de l'état sanitaire des parcelles que des recommandations. Les contenants vides sont abandonnés sur les lieux de traitement par 53 % des répondants. Les pratiques phytosanitaires des maraîchers du Burkina Faso sont donc préoccupantes et potentiellement nuisibles pour la santé des agriculteurs et des consommateurs, et pour l'environnement.Mots clés : cultures maraîchères / tomate / pesticide / pratiques phytosanitaires / risques chimiques Abstract -Phytosanitary practices of tomato growers in Burkina Faso and risks for health and the environment. To assess the phytosanitary practices of tomato growers in Burkina Faso, surveys were carried out in 2015 and 2016 among 316 producers in the West and North zones of the country. Ninety percent of pesticides used by producers are purchased in local markets without guarantee of conformity or quality. Lambda-cyhalothrin of the pyrethroids family was the most used active substance. The use for tomato crop of cotton pesticides increased strongly between 2015 and 2016 (þ71%). The doses used by producers are higher than the recommended ones. More than 70% of the market gardeners do not observe any measure of adequate protection from the preparation of the mixture until the end of the treatments. The respect of preharvest interval depends mostly of the crop health status and does not follow the recommendations. Empty containers of pesticides are left in fields by 53% of the farmers. These results show that the phytosanitary practices of tomato producers are unsuitable and potentially harmful to the health of farmers and consumers and to the environment.
The effect of 4 adjuvants on two formulations of phenmedipham (EC and SC) applied with three types of hydraulic nozzles (hollow cone, flat fan and air induction) was evaluated using a wind tunnel to determine spray drift potential (DP). The volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage by volume of droplets less than 100µm diameter was determined using a Malvern Particle Size Analyser. In a wind tunnel DP was measured between 2 and 6m downwind of the nozzle on glass fibre collectors using a fluorescent tracer. The EC formulation produced a smaller VMD and larger DP than the SC formulation irrespective of any effect due to adjuvants. DP increased as the proportion of small droplets increased.
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