Résumé -Pour évaluer les pratiques phytosanitaires des maraîchers du Burkina Faso, des enquêtes ont été réalisées en 2015 et 2016 auprès de 316 producteurs dans les zones Ouest et Nord du pays. Seuls 9 % d'entre eux ont reçu une formation en protection des végétaux. Quatre-vingt-dix pour cent des pesticides utilisés sont achetés sur les marchés locaux sans garantie de conformité et de qualité. La lambdacyhalothrine de la famille des pyréthrinoïdes est la substance active la plus utilisée. L'utilisation sur tomate des pesticides formulés pour le coton a fortement progressé entre 2015 et 2016 (71 %). Les doses utilisées par les producteurs sont supérieures à celles recommandées. Plus de 70 % des maraîchers n'observent aucune mesure de protection adéquate depuis la préparation de la bouillie jusqu'à la fin des traitements. Le respect de délais sans traitement avant récolte dépend plus de l'état sanitaire des parcelles que des recommandations. Les contenants vides sont abandonnés sur les lieux de traitement par 53 % des répondants. Les pratiques phytosanitaires des maraîchers du Burkina Faso sont donc préoccupantes et potentiellement nuisibles pour la santé des agriculteurs et des consommateurs, et pour l'environnement.Mots clés : cultures maraîchères / tomate / pesticide / pratiques phytosanitaires / risques chimiques Abstract -Phytosanitary practices of tomato growers in Burkina Faso and risks for health and the environment. To assess the phytosanitary practices of tomato growers in Burkina Faso, surveys were carried out in 2015 and 2016 among 316 producers in the West and North zones of the country. Ninety percent of pesticides used by producers are purchased in local markets without guarantee of conformity or quality. Lambda-cyhalothrin of the pyrethroids family was the most used active substance. The use for tomato crop of cotton pesticides increased strongly between 2015 and 2016 (þ71%). The doses used by producers are higher than the recommended ones. More than 70% of the market gardeners do not observe any measure of adequate protection from the preparation of the mixture until the end of the treatments. The respect of preharvest interval depends mostly of the crop health status and does not follow the recommendations. Empty containers of pesticides are left in fields by 53% of the farmers. These results show that the phytosanitary practices of tomato producers are unsuitable and potentially harmful to the health of farmers and consumers and to the environment.

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To assess producers’ exposure level to pesticides in vegetable production in Burkina Faso, a study was carried out in 2016 and 2017 among 30 tomato producers in the municipalities of Kouka and Toussiana. Eighteen (18) commercial formulations were identified, with more than 50% of pesticides destined for cotton production. Eleven active substances have been identified and the most frequently used are λ-cyhalothrin (35%), acetamiprid (22%) and profenofos (13%). The most commonly used chemical families are pyrethroids (28%) and organophosphates (18%). The study revealed a low level of training for producers, a high use of pesticides according to the Frequency Treatment Indicator, and a very low level of protection used by producers. The Health Risk Index shows that active substances such as methomyl, λ-cyhalothrin and profenofos present very high risk to operators’ health. Based on the UK-POEM model, the predictive exposure levels obtained varied from 0.0105 mg/kg body weight/day to 1.7855 mg/kg body weight/day, which is several times higher than the Acceptable Operator Exposure Level. However, the study also shows that exposure can be greatly reduced if the required Personal Protective Equipment is worn. Producers’ awareness and training on integrated pest management are necessary to reduce the risks linked to the pesticides use in Burkina Faso.

In Burkina Faso, pests are the main constraint to tomato production because they can cause a complete loss of yields. To protect their crops, producers use extensively chemical pesticides. However, this method can be ineffective and creates collateral effects on public health and on environment. To mitigate this problem, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) trials based on tomato crop in association with basil, garlic or onion were compared with the usual practices of producers in field trials in 2017. The tomato-onion association provided both the best protection of the fruits and the highest yield (3 kg / m²) compared with peasant and other IPM practices. No pesticide residue was detected in samples (tomatoes and soils) from IPM practices. However, several active substances (profenofos, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl) were detected in samples from farmers' practices. Only chlorpyrifos-ethyl showed a residue level above its Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in tomatoes (360% of MRL), without acute intoxication risk for consumers according to the calculations of the Predictable Short Term Intake (PSTI). Awareness-raising and producer training on the better agricultural and phytosanitary practices are necessary to protect public health and environment against adverse effects of pesticides in Burkina Faso.

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