Abstract:The quantification of genetic diversity and intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS) of tree species are important aspects for in and ex situ conservation practices. In this study we seek to understand the importance of conservation areas by quantifying the genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure of a natural population of Theobroma speciosum. Within this population, 49 adults and 51 subadults were genotyped for five microsatellite loci. The results showed that adults and subadults have similar levels of genetic diversity and inbreeding (adults: A= 10.4, A e = 10.3, F= 0.68, subadults: A= 10.6, A e = 10.6, F= 0.57). Genetic diversity was spatially structured within the population, and the results suggest that near-neighbor trees up to a distance of 70 m are likely related. SGS is likely the result of short-distance seed dispersal, the short-distance range of pollinators, and infrequent breaches of the self-incompatible mating system. Considering the high demographic density of the species and size of the study area, as well as the high average number of alleles per locus and the presence of rare alleles, we believe that the study population is an excellent resource for in situ genetic conservation of T. speciosum. The study area is also a useful resource for collecting germplasm for ex situ conservation and seed collection, either for breeding programs used in the restoration of degraded areas or forest improvement. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1091-1099. Epub 2016 September 01.Key words: Amazonia, genetic variability, microsatellite markers, cacauhy.The national program of biological diversity, that evaluated and identified priority areas for conservation, sustainable use, and benefitsharing of biodiversity of the Brazilian Amazon, established 27 ecoregions of the Brazilian Legal Amazon (PNJU, 2013). One ecoregion is the Mato Grosso dry forests located in the Northern part of Mato Grosso State. In this area, the Juruena National Park (Parque Nacional do Juruena) was established in 2006 with the aim of protecting endemic Amazonian species. The Conservation Unit (CU) includes headwaters and stretches of important Amazonian rivers, such as Aripuanã, a tributary of the Madeira, Juruena, and Teles Pires Rivers, and tributaries of the Tapajós, and it encompasses an area of significant biogeographical interest. The genus Theobroma occurs naturally in the area.Several species within the Theobroma genus have conventional or potential uses, including Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Spreng, commonly known as cacauhy. This species is important because it represents a possible source of genetic resistance for other, more economically important species, such as Theobroma cacao (Silva et al., 2011). The fruit rind of T. speciosum is mixed with wood ash to produce a handmade soap that is used in the Amazon and it is an excellent deodorant (Di Stasi & Hiruma-Lima, 2002). In relation to its fatty acids, Gilabert-Escrivá et al. (2002) noted that the composition is very similar to that found in cocoa butter. ...
RESUMO Quinze primers ISSR (entre sequências simples repetidas) foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre e dentro de pomares comerciais de
Hancornia speciosa Gomes, popularly known as mangabeira, is a fruit tree belonging to the Apocynaceae family, native to the Brazilian Cerrado. The fruit is widely used by the local population as an alternative source of income. Limited information is available about this species, which increases the difficulty of conserving its genetic resources and exploiting mangabeira as an economic resource. The objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of H. speciosa from Chapada dos Guimarães. Twenty-four trees and ten inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers were evaluated. Of the 57 bands obtained, 33 (57.89%) presented polymorphism. The analysis using Structure defined two different clusters (K = 2), which were consistent with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering analysis. The number of observed alleles (Na = 1.58), number of effective alleles (Ne = 1.29), Nei's genetic distance (He = 0.18) and Shannon index (I = 0.27) were considered low among the population. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the variability within the cluster (83.39%) was higher than among clusters (16.61%). ISSR primers proved effective for detection of genetic polymorphism in H. speciosa, and could be utilized for strategies that aim at conservation, plant breeding programs, and commercial use. Key words: Mangaba. Molecular analysis. ISSR. ResumoHancornia speciosa Gomes, conhecida popularmente como mangabeira, é uma fruteira pertencente à família Apocynaceae que ocorre espontaneamente no Cerrado brasileiro. O fruto da mangabeira é bastante utilizado pela população local como fonte alternativa de renda e sua exploração é feita de forma extrativista. As informações sobre esta espécie são escassas, o que dificulta a conservação dos recursos genéticos e sua exploração econômica. Neste trabalho foi estudada a diversidade e estrutura genética de uma população de mangabeira, tendo sido avaliada um total de 24 árvores matrizes localizadas em Chapada dos Guimarães-MT por meio de 10 primers ISSR (inter repetições de sequências simples) que revelaram 57 bandas. Destas, 33 (57,89%) de agrupamento UPGMA. O número de alelos observados (Na = 1,58), número de alelos efetivos (Ne = 1,29), índice de diversidade de Nei (He = 0,18) e o índice de Shannon (I = 0,27) foram relativamente baixos dentro da população. A AMOVA revelou que a variabilidade dentro dos grupos (83,39%) foi mais alta do que entre os grupos (16,61%). A utilização de iniciadores ISSR mostrou-se eficaz para detecção de polimorfismo genético em mangabeira, servindo de aporte para estratégias que visem à conservação, melhoramento genético e exploração econômica da espécie. Palavras-chave: Análise molecular. Mangaba. ISSR.
Abstract:The species Spondias mombin, is native to the Amazonian region. Since these trees' cultivation is incipient, their exploitation is done through extraction techniques. The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic divergences between S. mombin genotypes and to quantify the relative contribution from 12 morphological traits of the species' fruits and seeds, as well as to collect data able to subsidize future research on the species conservation and domestication. 60 genotypes were assessed in total, and ten fruits of each genotype were analyzed. Eight descriptors were used for fruit characterization, namely: fruit mass, pulp weight, volume, length, width, thickness, total soluble solids content and hydrogenionic potential. The seed descriptors were mass, length, width and thickness. The data were assessed through the principal components and groupings by applying the UPGMA and Tocher methods. They were analyzed in the GENES software, based on the dissimilarity matrix (Euclidean distance average). The analysis applied to the principal components showed that the first three components explained 83 % accumulated variation. The main traits contributing to the genotype discrimination were fruit width, fruit pulp weight, pH, seed length and thickness, and the most responsive traits to S. mombin genotype selection. The features fruit mass, seed width, fruit thickness, fruit volume, fruit length, seed mass and total soluble solid content presented the smallest contribution to diversity. The grouping methods UPGMA and Tocher evidenced genetic divergence between the analyzed genotypes. Genotypes 37 and 41 were more divergent than the others, what makes them promising for crossings in future genetic enhancement programs focused on the species' domestication. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (4): 1337-1346. Epub 2017 December 01.
RESUMO A determinação de um protocolo de extração de DNA genômico de boa qualidade e quantidade é condição chave para a realização de estudos moleculares em plantas. Como o DNA isolado deve estar livre de contaminantes, ajustes de protocolo são necessários, especialmente para espécies em que estudos desse tipo são poucos. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo otimizar um protocolo de extração de DNA para as espécies Inga edulis e I. laurina, visando futuros estudos de diversidade genética utilizando marcadores moleculares. Os testes de extração partiram do protocolo padrão de CTAB. Foram testadas duas concentrações do detergente CTAB (2 e 5%) e três concentrações de β-mercaptoetanol (0, 1 e 2%), além da adição de Proteinase K (20 mg.mL-1) no tampão de extração, cujo procedimento foi aplicado em folhas maduras maceradas em nitrogênio líquido. Os resultados demonstraram que o tampão com a concentração de 5% de CTAB foi mais eficiente no isolamento de amostras de DNA das duas espécies de ingazeiro. Quanto ao β-mercaptoetanol, nenhuma das três concentrações utilizadas no tampão de extração interferiram na quantidade e qualidade do DNA obtido. Assim, o método com CTAB 5% no tampão de extração pode ser utilizado para isolamento de DNA visando estudos de caracterização genética com marcadores moleculares. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Inga edulis; Inga laurina; isolamento de DNA
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