In-person user studies show that designers draw inspiration by looking at their peers' work while sketching. To recreate this behavior in a virtual environment, we developed Sketchy, a web-based drawing application where users sketch in virtual rooms and use the "Peek" functionality to gain ideas from their peers' sketches in real-time. To assess if "Peek" supports individual creativity through finding inspiration, students from a Human-Computer Interaction class sketched user interface design tasks in two studies. Study 1 compares creativity measures with and without Peek between two groups of students, where self-reports reveal Peek increases satisfaction with their final sketch and better supports individual creativity. Study 2 took place in a large classroom, where 90 students, all with Peek enabled, completed different design tasks. Peeking led students to report an intention to change their sketch 18% of the time in Study 1 and 17% of the time in Study 2. Student designers were influenced by sketches that seem closer to completion, contain more details, and are carefully drawn. They were also about three times more likely to clear their canvas and start over if they found a sketch inspirational. Furthermore, sketches created by students with more sketching and design experience influence less experienced student designers. This work explores the directions and benefits of incorporating digital peeking to support individual creativity within a student designer's classroom experience to create more satisfactory final sketches.
Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) allow people to collect and curate labeled data from multiple annotators. Then labels are often aggregated to create an annotated dataset suitable for supervised machine learning tasks. The most popular label aggregation method is majority voting, where each item in the dataset is assigned the most common label from the annotators. This approach is optimal when annotators are unbiased domain experts. In this paper, we propose Debiased Label Aggregation (DLA) an alternative method for label aggregation in subjective HITs, where cross-annotator agreement varies. DLA leverages user voting behavior patterns to weight labels. Our experiments show that DLA outperforms majority voting in several performance metrics; e.g. a percentage increase of 20 points in the đš 1 measure before data augmentation, and a percentage increase of 35 points in the same measure after data augmentation. Since DLA is deceptively simple, we hope it will help researchers to tackle subjective labeling tasks. CCS Concepts: ⢠Information systems â Crowdsourcing; ⢠Human-centered computing â Collaborative and social computing design and evaluation methods; ⢠Computing methodologies â Supervised learning.
SAM (SâadenosylâLâMethionine) is the universal methyl donor used by cells, and is also the second most used cofactor after ATP. Methyltransferases catalyze the methylation of numerous biomolecules including DNA, protein, and RNA; and have a broad array of functions ranging from cell signaling to gene transcription. Abnormal levels of methyltransferases have been linked to malignant cellular states, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases. Therefore, methyltransferases are an attractive drug target. Several inhibitors of histone PMTs (protein methyltransferases) have been used in the clinic, signifying PMTs as a target class. The SAM binding pocket in protein methyltransferases has been utilized by in drug design strategies. Yet, there is not high specificity when it comes to these drugs, making the drugs imperfect. Recent NMR work reveals that unbound SAM has high populations of different conformations in dynamic equilibrium, which means there may be multiple conformations when SAM is bound to methyltransferases. Having multiple conformations of SAM may allow for specific drugs to be designed to fit the unique pockets, allowing for higher drug specificity. Here we use vibrational spectroscopy, which is sensitive to molecular conformation and immune to timescale, to determine if these conformational dynamics persist when SAM is bound to PMTs. Molecular dynamic studies and small molecules studies support the hypothesis that various SAM conformations exist both when free and when bound to the proteins.
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