The present study reported on the 30-year outcome of preventive dental treatment in a group of carefully monitored subjects who on a regular basis were encouraged, but also enjoyed and recognized the benefit of, maintaining a high standard of oral hygiene. The incidence of caries and periodontal disease as well as tooth mortality in this subject sample was very small. Since all preventive and treatment efforts during the 30 years were delivered in one private dental office, caution must be exercised when comparisons are made with longitudinal studies that present oral disease data from randomly selected subject samples.
In 1971-72, a total of 375 adult subjects were recruited for a clinical trial aimed at assessing the effect of a preventive program, based on plaque control and topical application of fluoride, on the incidence of caries and periodontal disease. After a baseline examination, the volunteers were subjected to scaling, root planning and conventional caries therapy. During the course of the subsequent 6 years, they were recalled for preventive measures once every 2-3 months. After the 6-year follow-up examination, however, it was decided to extend the interval between the preventive sessions. Thus, during the next 9-year period, about 95% of the participants returned for preventive measures only 1 to 2 times per year. A small subgroup of about 15 subjects, who, during the initial 6 years had developed new caries lesions or had exhibited additional periodontal attachment loss, however, were also during the following 9 years recalled 3-6 times per year for oral hygiene control and preventive therapy. The re-examination performed in 1987 disclosed that the 317 subjects, who participated during the entire 15-year period, had a low incidence of caries and almost no further loss of periodontal tissue support. It was suggested that improved self performed oral hygiene, daily use of fluoridated dentifrice and regularly repeated professional tooth cleaning effectively prevented recurrence of dental disease.
The evolution of viscoelasticity during the gelation reactions of
semidilute solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in the presence of cross-linker (glutaraldehyde)
has been monitored through the
sol−gel transition with dynamic mechanical experiments. The
gelation time of the system decreased
with increasing PVA and cross-linker concentrations. At the gel
point, a power law frequency dependence
of the dynamic storage modulus (G‘ ∝
ω
n
‘) and loss modulus (G‘‘ ∝
ω
n
‘‘) was observed with n‘ =
n‘‘ = n.
The power law exponent is lower than that predicted (0.7) from the
percolation model. The value of n
decreases with increasing polymer and cross-linker concentrations.
The critical gel strength parameter
(S) rises with increasing polymer and cross-linker
concentrations. Some stress relaxation measurements
on gelling PVA systems were also carried out. At the gel point, a
power law time dependence of the
relaxation modulus was detected, but the relaxation exponent was lower
than the corresponding one
obtained from oscillatory shear measurements. The fractal
dimension (d
f) was determined for the
incipient
PVA gels. The value of d
f increased with
increasing polymer concentration and cross-linking
density.
This trend of d
f suggests a more
“tight” structure of the network at higher polymer concentrations
and
cross-linking densities.
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases to affect humans. M. tuberculosis is a robust pathogen that has evolved the capacity to survive and grow inside macrophage phagosomes. A cocktail of antibiotics has long been successfully used against M. tuberculosis but is becoming less effective owing to the emergence of multidrug resistance. The only available preventive vaccine, using Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin, is considered to be ineffective against adult pulmonary TB, the most prevalent form of the disease. Here, we review the potential use of biodegradable nanoparticle-based anti-TB drug delivery systems that have been shown to be more effective against M. tuberculosis in animal models than conventional antibiotic treatment regimens. This technology also has substantial potential for vaccination and other therapeutic strategies against TB and other infectious diseases.
The interactions between various surfactants (anionic, cationic,
and nonionic) and a nonionic ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC) polymer or a hydrophobically
modified analogue (HM-EHEC) have been
examined. The study has been performed as a comparative
investigation between the hydrophobically modified
polymer and the unmodified parent polymer using rheology. The
rheological results have been analyzed
with the aid of a simple modified Maxwell model. Information about
the low-frequency behavior was extracted
from this model, and the rheological features were presented in terms
of the complex viscosity and a
characteristic relaxation time. In the presence of an ionic
surfactant, the rhelogical measurements revealed
significant polymer/surfactant interaction for both EHEC and HM-EHEC,
but the interaction peak, observed
in the different rheological quantities, was more pronounced and
located at a lower surfactant concentration
for the hydrophobically modified polymer. In the presence of a
nonionic surfactant, the polymer/surfactant
interaction was weaker. By considering the temperature effect, an
important difference in the polymer dynamics
between the hydrophobically modified polymer and the unmodified
analogue was established. The
hydrophobically modified polymer shows a normal temperature dependency,
while the motion of the unmodified
analogue is slowed down with increasing temperature. The finding
for the unmodified polymer is attributed
to increased polymer/polymer attractions with an increased temperature.
It has also been shown that the
hydrophobically modified polymer has features regarding the formation
and breakdown of the polymer/surfactant complex in common with other hydrophobically modified
polymers (both nonionic and ionic). At
a certain surfactant concentration the network starts to lose its
connectivity, however, because of an increased
surfactant aggregation number of the mixed micelles, the breakdown
process is postponed when the surfactant
chain length is increased.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.