Water uptake and release characteristics of PMMA cement containing the water-soluble contrast media iohexol or iodixanol have been investigated. The water uptake study revealed that iohexol had the highest uptake of water (3.7%) and that iodixanol had an uptake close to that of Palacos R (2.3% and 1.9%). The curves obtained showed the materials to follow classic diffusion theory, with an initial linearity with respect to t(1/2) making it possible to calculate the diffusion coefficients. This showed iohexol to have the lowest diffusion coefficient, Palacos R the highest, and iodixanol close to that of Palacos R. The release study showed that more iohexol than iodixanol was released from the bone cement; the long-term release was above 25 microg/mL for iohexol compared to slightly above 10 microg/mL for iodixanol. A microCT investigation showed that the risk of developing an observable radiolucent zone is negligible.
There is a need for improved processes for preparation of omega-3 PUFA formulations having a high content of PUFA, low levels of persistent environmental pollutants (EPs), acceptable oxidation stability and if possible, can be formulated as a powder. Using N-methyl glucamine (meglumine), which forms water-soluble omega-3 salts, an extraction process was developed that for the first time removed the EPs present in the starting material (commercially available cod liver oil added fish oil, CLO-FO). GC/high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) showed levels of three common EPs that were below LOQ. Further, the fatty acid salts isolated were enriched in omega-3 and appeared as watersoluble white powders. The overall process increased the content of omega-3 by >70% compared with CLO-FO. The content of saturated fatty acids was reduced from 12.8 AE 0.6 to 2.1 AE 0.1%. In spite of using inert conditions during preparation, the oxidative deterioration was significant. When this issue is resolved, the powder may be further developed for use in tablets or other nutritional and health products.
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