COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal–human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.

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Crocin is the main bioactive components of the saffron with neuro generative and protective activity, however, its activity in neurodegenerative disease in not fully elicited. So, the aim of the current study was to determine effects of the crocin on re exive motor behavior, depressive and serum antioxidant activities on cuprizone-induced (CPZ) model of multiple sclerosis (MS) mice. 40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Mice in the control group were treated with normal diet. In group 2, CPZ-induced demyelination was done by chew palate containing 0.2% (w/w) CPZ for 5 weeks. In group 3, normal diet was provided and mice orally received crocin (100 mg/kg) 3 times per week for 5 weeks. In group 4, mice feed CPZ containing diet and orally received crocin (100 mg/kg) three times per for 5 weeks. At the end of the study, re exive motor behavior and depressive tests were done. Also, serum and brain tissue antioxidant activity was determined. According to the data, crocin had positive effects on hind-limb foot angle, hind-and front-limb suspension, surface righting, grip strength and negative geotaxis while CPZ had adverse effect compare to control group (P < 0.05). Co-administration of the CPZ + crocin signi cantly decreased adverse effect of the CPZ on the re exive motor behavior tests (P < 0.05).CPZ signi cantly increased immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and crocin diminished it (P < 0.05). Co-administration of the CPZ + crocin signi cantly decreased adverse effect of the CPZ on immobility time (P < 0.05). CPZ decreased number of cross in open eld test (OFT) and spending time on rotarod and CPZ + crocin signi cantly lessened adverse effect of the CPZ (P < 0.05). CPZ signi cantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant status (TAS) and these effects reversed by crocin in brain tissue and serum (P < 0.05). Co-administration of the CPZ + crocin signi cantly improved adverse effect of the CPZ on serum and brain tissue antioxidants (P < 0.05). These results suggested crocin has protective effect against on CPZ-induced MS in mice.

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