Nanotechnology is an emerging area of research that deals with the production, manipulation, and application of nanoscale materials. Bio-assisted synthesis is of particular interest nowadays, to overcome the limitations associated with the physical and chemical means. The aim of this study was to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) for the first time, utilizing the seed extract of Lepidium sativum. The synthesized NPs were confirmed through various spectroscopy and imagining techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, HPLC, and SEM. The characterized NPs were then examined for various in vitro biological assays. Crystalline, hexagonal-structured NPs with an average particle size of 25.6 nm were obtained. Biosynthesized ZnO NPs exhibited potent antioxidant activities, effective α-amylase inhibition, moderate urease inhibition (56%), high lipase-inhibition (71%) activities, moderate cytotoxic potential, and significant antibacterial activity. Gene expression of caspase in HepG2 cells was enhanced along with elevated production of ROS/RNS, while membrane integrity was disturbed upon the exposure of NPs. Overall results indicated that bio-assisted ZnO NPs exhibit excellent biological potential and could be exploited for future biomedical applications. particularly in antimicrobial and cancer therapeutics. Moreover, this is the first comprehensive study on Lepidium sativum-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and evaluation of their biological activities.

Copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles induced biomass accumulation, antioxidants biosynthesis and abiotic elicitation of bioactive compounds in callus cultures of

Use of medicinal plants for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles offers several advantages over other synthesis approaches.

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The present study demonstrates the maximum production of lipase via solid-state fermentation (SSF) by a novel strain of Chaetomium globosum, through lignocellulosic biomass valorization. After lignocellulosic biomass screening, Vachellia nilotica (babul) yielded the maximum lipase (53.1 ± 0.2 U/mL) activity after 72 h. Different bioprocess parameters, including pH, temperature, moisture content, inoculum size, and time periods, were optimized by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum lipase yield (52.48 ± 5.3 U/mL) was achieved at pH 9.0, moisture 70%, incubation time 24 h, inoculum mass 1 mL, and temperature 30 °C. F-value 26.21 and p-value 0.00 by the analysis of variance indicate the significance of the proposed model. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) 95.60% was used to check the goodness of fit of the model, having a value of which indicates the model accuracy. Lipase was precipitated and purified with 80% ammonium sulfate followed by Sephadex G-100 column with 305.8 U/mg specific activity. The molecular weight of purified lipase was 60 kDa, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimally purified lipase was immobilized on chitosan (natural biopolymer) using different lipase concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mL) to check the beads constancy. It was observed that lipase (0.5 mL) adsorbed on chitosan result in the highest activity compared to the free lipase. Chitosan-immobilized lipase showed high thermal stability at 40 °C for 5 h. It also exhibited stability for up to 7 reuse cycles. Furthermore, lipase showed its good effect in the detergent industry by demonstrating compatibility with the Sufi detergent brand. In conclusion, the recently produced lipase from the lignocellulosic biomass has a great potential to be used as an additive in the detergent industry.

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Body interrelated complex system maintain body hemostasis but severe vascular injury reprehensible for thrombus formation. Fibrinogen is a prime protein in fibrinolysis. Complex cascade pathway involves in conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to perform fibrinolysis and plasminogen activating inhibitor (PAI) cease this pathway. The genetic and acquired factors influence clot formation while it curbs by factor VIII. This review aims to illustrate significance of fibrinolytic enzymes, Nattokinase, Urokinase, Staphylokinase and streptokinase as therapeutic agent to control myocardial infraction, venous stroke and pulmonary clotting.